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P&P 2010 resp dis k
P&P respitory distress
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Control of Respirations | Pons and Medulla |
| Inspiratory Centre (Dorsal Respiratory Group, DRG) sets what? | Primary pacemaker – sets rate & depth |
| Expiratory Centre (Ventral Respiratory Group, VRG) is active for what type of expiration | Active prn for forced expiration |
| Regulates duration of inspiration, Prevents overinflation | Pneumotaxic Centre in the Pons |
| waht part of the brain Increases depth & length of inspiration | Apneustic Centre in Pons |
| How can respiration Rate & Depth can be modified | emotions (hypothalamus), voluntary control |
| - What nerve sends sensory info to respiratory centres | . Vagus nerve ( sensory) |
| - What nerve sends impulses from resp. centre to diaphragm → contract | Phrenic nerve (motor) |
| What nerve sends impulses from resp. centre to intercostal muscles → contract | . Intercostal nerves (motor) |
| what receptor is in the respiratory centre respond increase CO2 & increase H | Central Chemoreceptors |
| what lung receptor is in the carotid & aortic bodies respond to very low O2 “Hypoxic drive for respirations” | Peripheral receptors |
| what lung receptor is in the epitheleum - initiates cough reflex & increses rate | Irritant – Lung Receptors (Mechanical) |
| what lung receptor is in the pleura, bronchioles & alveoli - sensitive to stretch - prevents overinflation by stopping inspiration “Hering-Breuer Reflex” | Stretch –Lung Receptors (Mechanical) |
| what lung receptor is in the juxtapulmonary - in pulmonary capillaries - sensitive to increase in pressure | J receptors Lung Receptors (Mechanical) |
| what lung receptor is in the cerebral cortex - transmit impulses to resp. centre when skeletal muscles contract | Proprioceptor – Lung Receptors (Mechanical) |
| What part of the brain controls Emotions,Pain,and Fever | Hypothalamic Control |
| Elasticity of tissues and Ability of bronchioles & alveoli to stretch | Compliance |
| Facilitates inspiration, Prevents total collapse during expiration | Surfactant |
| Pressure exerted by each individual gas within a mixture | Partial Pressure of a gas |
| what is 97 – 98 % bound to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin) | Oxygen |
| what is 2 – 3 % dissolved in plasma | oxygen |
| what is 70 – 72% as part of bicarbonate ion (HCO3 ) | Carbon Dioxide |
| what is 21 – 23% bound to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin) | Carbon Dioxide |
| what is 7% dissolved in plasma | Carbon Dioxide |
| Deficit of RBC’s or Hg – levels too low to transport adequate amounts of O2 is a | Decreased O2 |
| Circulatory impairment can be cause by | Decreased O2 |
| Impaired respiratory function can be caused by | Decreased O2 |
| Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by | Decreased O2 |
| low levels of O2 in arterial blood | Hypoxemia – |
| insufficient O2 at cellular level | Hypoxia – |
| changes in mental status –restlessness & anxiety, confusion, memory loss, headache are early sings of what O2 condition | hypoxia |
| decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a body part | Ischemia – |
| arrival of O2 at tissue level is ? | Tissue perfusion |
| Filtration of air – nasal hair particles > 5 μ m in diameter | Respiratory Defense Mechanisms |
| Sneeze – removes particles from upper airway | Respiratory Defense Mechanisms |
| Mucociliary clearance – below larynx - mucus (100 ml/day) traps particles - cilia sweep mucus upwards to pharynx and swallowed | Respiratory Defense Mechanisms |
| backup for mucociliary - only effective for larger airways | Cough Reflex – |
| ? has no cilia, cough ineffective in alveoli - macrophages phagocytize foreign particles | Alveolar macrophages - |
| Cough Centre is in what part of the brain? | – in medulla |
| what begins with a deep inspiration - distention of trachea & hyperinflation of lungs | Cough |
| After inspiration after a cough, ? closes while intercostal and abdominal muscles contract forcibly. | glottis closes |
| When ? reaches a high level, glottis opens & diaphragm pushes up producing an explosive movement of air a cough | intrathoracic pressure |
| what type of cough is theresult of reflex stimulation | Involuntary cough |
| client controlled cough | Voluntary cough |
| Caused by any irritant that causes bronchoconstriction | Wheezing, asthmatic cough |
| Short, abrupt episodes of forceful coughing | Paroxysmal cough |
| Cough ends in a crowing respiration “Whoop” | Pertussis cough |
| Not easily relieved or cured type of cough | Intractable cough |
| A cough that Persists longer than 4 weeks | Chronic cough |
| what type of cough is successful expectoration of mucus | Productive cough |
| what type of cough is successful cough does not remove mucus or foreign substance | Nonproductive cough |
| what type of cough is successful mucus can be heard gurgling in trachea | Loose cough |
| what type of cough is successful irritation in respiratory tract - minimal accumulation of mucus | Dry cough |
| what type of cough is successful coughing up blood | Hemoptysis cough |
| Extreme fatigue, Syncope,Anorexia are complications of what ? | a cough |
| Inability to think or concentrate, Muscular strain or fractured ribs are complications of ? | a cough |
| Increased blood pressure,Increased intracranial pressure are complications of | a cough |
| sputum that is clear, relatively thin (thicker than saliva) is | normal |
| sputum that is Thick, yellow-green | often bacterial infection |
| sputum that is Rusty or dark coloured | pneumococcal pneumonia |
| sputum that is Purulent indicates what | bronchial infection or obstruction |
| sputum that is Thick, tenacious indicates | asthma, cystic fibrosis |
| what is Relaxation of the smooth muscles of the bronchioles, dilation & enlargement of the lumen, allows more air to flow through | Bronchodilation |
| Narrowing of the lumen, restricts amount of air that gets in & out of the lungs | Brochoconstriction |
| what is Usually accompanied by dyspnea, wheezing, coughing, respiratory distress | Brochoconstriction |
| Endogenous substances that can trigger ? Are histamine, acetylcholine, prostaglandins | Brochoconstriction |
| Substance (cyclic AMP) in lungs inhibits endogenous substances to promote | bronchodilation |
| Respiratory infection,Strong odours, chemical fumes, Smoke, Very cold air are Exogenous substances that trigger the release of | histamine |
| Pollutants, Emotional distress, Tartrazine, Some drugs Exogenous substances that trigger the release of | histamine |
| Sudden contraction of the smooth muscle of bronchi & bronchioles narrowing & obstruction of airway | Bronchospasm |
| May be localized or generalized | Bronchospasm |
| Usually accompanied with cough & wheezing | Bronchospasm |
| irritation, injury, allergy, asthma are causes of ? | Bronchospasm |
Created by:
kfroel4
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