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PB 215 exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Medicinal plants give treatments of different diseases. This is because plants produce natural products, primary metabolites and minerals, either of which may provide medicinal uses. True or false | T |
| Many plants, e.g. Aloe vera, have antibiotic activities. True or false | T |
| Natural products of plants are classified into three families, phenolics, terpenoids and special nitrogen metabolites. | T |
| Most of precursors (such as erythrose-4-phosphate, phosphoenol phosphate, pyruvate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, acetyl-CoA and amino acids) of natural products of plants are derived from photosynthesis. True or false, | T |
| Plant phenolics have at least one aromatic ring. | T |
| Many plant phenolics (e.g. hydrolysable tannins) are synthesized from the shikimic pathway. True or false | T |
| Many plant phenolics (e.g. cymene) are synthesized from the acetate/mevalonate pathway. True or false | T |
| Stilbenes (C6-C2-C6) are synthesized from the shikimic acid and malonate pathways. True or false, | T |
| Which of the following products contain resveratrol? a: flax seeds, b: pumpkin seeds, c: sesame seeds, d: rye, and e: all of them listed in a, b, c and d | E |
| Podophyllotoxin but not pinoresinol and steganacin are a lignan metabolite. True or false | F, pinoersinol and stegancin are lignans |
| Flax, pumpkin and sesame seeds do not prevent against heart diseases. True or false | F |
| American Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) is an anticancer plant. It produces lignans. True or false | T |
| Flavonoids are the biggest subgroup of plant phenolics. They are synthesized from the shikimic pathway and malonate pathway. True or false | T |
| Luteolin is a flavone compound with antioxidative activity. True or false | T |
| Quercetin is synthesized from the shikimic pathway and malonate pathway. So, it is a stilbene metabolite with antioxidative activities. True or false | F, flavonoid metabolite |
| Cyanide is a red pigment metabolite in the flavonoids group | F, Cyanide is an extremely poisonous inorganic chemical |
| Delphinin is a group of purple/blue flavonoid pigments related to delphinidin. True or false | T |
| . (+)-Catechin and (-)-epicatechin (two common metabolites in green tea) are two flavanol metabolites but not two flavonoid metabolites. True or false, | F, they are flavonoids |
| Procyanidin B1 is a dimeric example of proanthocyanidins, but is not a flavonoid. True or false | F, it is a flavonoide metabolite |
| The astringency of cranberry juice results from proanthocyanidins. True or false | T |
| Drinking a cup of tea and grape juice every day can help prevent from aging diseases. True or false | T |
| Ginger (Zingiber officinale) produces gingerol and shogaol, which are two phenolic metabolites. True or false, | T |
| Aloe vera produces aloe-emodin but not emodin. True or false | F, aloe vera produces emodin |
| Fresh Aloe vera gel cannot be used as hand sanitizer. True or false | F, it can |
| Ginger cannot prevent from flu. True or false | F, it can |
| Taking ginger can prevent from colon cancer. True or false | T |
| Curcumin is only used for food color and spice food but does not have medicinal uses such as anticancer. True or false, | F, has anti-cancer activity |
| Muscadine grapes have multiple healthy benefits, such as | Antioxidative, anti-bacterium, anti-fungus, anti-cardiovascular diseases, improvement of muscle stiffness |
| Cranberry juice does not have anti-cardiovascular diseases because it contains many flavonoids. True or false, | F, cranberry juice has stronly anti-cardiocascular disease activities |
| It was Dr. Otto Wallach who discovered the “Isoprene rule” of general terpene (terpenoid) biosynthesis. True or false | T |
| The “Biogenetic isoprene rule” was proposed by Dr. Leopold Ruzicka. True or false | T |
| Cholesterol is a product of the “isoprene rule”. True or false | T |
| The rule of “activated acetic acid to terpenes and fatty acids” was discovered by Feodor Lynen. True or false | T |
| Plants have two biosynthetic pathways, mevalonate (MVA) pathway and MEP/DOXP pathway, to biosynthesize terpenoids. True or false | T |
| Based on current understanding, isopentenyl diphosphate (or pyrophosphate) is a key metabolite in the biosynthetic pathway of all plant terpenoids. True or false, | T |
| MEP/DOXP means 2-C-methyl-4-D-erithritol 4-phosphate/deoxy-xylulose phosphate. True or false | T |
| The MVA pathway is localized in the cytosol of plants. This pathway is toward sterols and cholesterol. True or false | T |
| The MEP/DOXP pathway is localized in the plastids of plants. This pathway is toward monoterpenes and diterpenes. True or false | T |
| Isoprene is the simplest molecule of plant terpenes because it includes 6 carbons. True or false | F, 5 carbons only |
| Most monoterpene molecules include ten carbons and most sesquiterpene molecules have 15 carbons. True or false, | T |
| . Diterpene molecules have two-fold numbers of carbons as monoterpenes. Triterpenes have two-fold numbers of carbons as sesquiterpenes. True or false | T |
| Plant terpenoids (isoprenoids) are classified into, | __hemiterpenes (C5), monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), sesterterpenes (C25), triterpenes (C30), tetraterpenes (C40), polyterpenes (> C40), and meroterpenes. |
| Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) produces terpene molecules, such as alpha-pinene. True or false | T |
| Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) produces many terpene molecules, for example, menthol and menthone. True or false | T |
| Linalool is a monoterpene. It can be produced by lavender (Lavandula angustifolia). True or false | T |
| Lemon cannot produce limonene. True or false | F, IT CAN |
| People can use sage leaves to relieve muscle pain. | T |
| Camphor can reduce muscle pain. True or false | T |
| Thujone can cause hallucinogenic effects if an overdose is consumed by peoples. True or false, | T |
| People can use leaves of Eucalyptus globulus to reduce muscle pain and improve cough. True or false | T |
| Gossypol has phenol structures in it and has 30 carbons. But it is a sesquiterpene molecule. True or false | T |
| Ginkolides are a group of metabolites produced by Gingko biloba. These metabolites are diterpenoids. True or false | T |
| When people consume tomatoes and apples, they are actually beneficiary of carotenoids, which are plant terpenoids. True or false, | T |
| Ginsenosides are a group triterpenes from Ginseng that can help strengthen energy. True or false | T |
| When consume red apples and red tomatoes, the consumers are beneficiary of both carotenoids and phenolics. True or False, | T |
| A hen can produce yellowish carotenoids such as carotenes in the yolk but a rooster cannot. True or False | F |
| Non-protein amino acids cannot be incorporated to human protein after uptake into the body. True or false? | F |
| Non-protein amino acids are not synthesized from amino acids. True or false? | F |
| If L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid is taken up by a person, the person will be fine. True or false? __F___. (The person will be poisoned). | F |
| If a person eat rhizomes (underground parts) of lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis), the person may be poisoned. True or false? | T |
| The galerina mushroom (Galerina autumnalis) can cause poisoning effects because it produces nonprotein amino acids, such as coprine. True or false? | T |
| Vibrio species such as marine bacterium species do not have poisoning effects. True or false? | F |
| If a raw sea food product contains Vibrio species, there is no health problem to eat this food. True or false? | F |
| . Garlic cannot be eaten because it produces poisonous alliin. True or false? | F |
| Onion does not produce alliin-like products. True or false? | F |
| . Allicin is naturally produced in garlic. True or false? | T, PRODUCED BY ENZYMES |
| Cutting fresh onion causes tearing because of the propenylallin conversion into sulfuric acid. True or false | T |
| Plant amines structurally assemble to ammonia. True or false? _ | T |
| Plant amines include: a, aliphatic monoamines and aliphatic diamines; b, aliphatic polyamines; c, aromatic amines; d, amine conjugates; e, all listed in a, b, c, and d. True or false? | E |
| Isovaleramide is an amine compound produced in Valerian root. True or false? | T |
| . Echinacea purpurea produces amine compounds. True or false? | T |
| Dopamine, serotonin and histamine are produced by human body, while plants do not produce them. True or false? | F |
| . If your hands are stung by hairs of Urtica dioica, you may experience a bad itch. True or false? | T |
| Psilocybine is an aromatic amine molecule from magic mushroom. It can cause hallucinogenic effects. True or false? | T |
| The organic compounds that give hot spice taste of chili peppers are amine compounds. True or false? | T |
| . Plant cyanogenic glycosides are synthesized from amino acids. True or false? _ | T |
| Cyanogenic glycosides can be converted into cyanides in some plant produces, such as bitter almonds (e.g., amygdalin) and cassava. True or false? | T |
| Completely toasted or cooked bitter almonds and cassava are safe. True or false | T |
| Mustard and horseradish do not produce glucosinolate compounds because glucosinolates are synthesized from amino acids. True or false? _ | F |
| Isothiocyanates are produced from glucosinolates in many plants, such as Mustard and horseradish. True or false? | T |
| Wasabi and broccoli do not produce glucosinolates. True or false? | F |
| Isothiocyanates provide pungency for wasabi and broccoli. True or false? | T |
| Eating raw broccoli can get medicinal benefits, e.g. anti-cancer and anti-cardiovascular diseases True or false? | T |
| Based on Dr. Paracelsus’ theory and Traditional Chinese Medicine theory, anything can become a poison with an over dose. True or false? | T |
| A featured chemical element in structures to identify Plant Special Nitrogen Metabolites is: a, oxygen; b, sodium; c, carbon; d, iodine; and e, nitrogen | E |
| Based on the definition of plant special nitrogen metabolites (PSNM), PSNMs are biosynthesized from amino acids. True or false? | T |
| Indole and tropane are two subgroups of plant terpenes. True or false? _ | F, THEY ARE ALKALOIDS |
| Caffeine is synthesized from purine. True or false? | T PART OF ITS STRUCTURE IS FROM PURINE |
| Plant Special Nitrogen Metabolites include: a, non-protein amino acids and amines; b, alkaloids; c, Cyanogenic glycosides; d, Glucosinolates; and e, all metabolites listed in a, b, c and d | E |
| The glucosinolate group has more metabolites than the alkaloid group has. True or false? | F |
| Many alkaloids are medicines when they are used with a right dose. By contrast, they can become poisons when they are used with an over dose. True or false? | T |
| The product of Theriak contains alkaloids. True or false? | T |
| D-lysergic amide (called ergine) is a hallucinogen. Therefore, consumption of seeds and fruits of morning glory can change peoples’ behavior. True or false | T |
| Actinidine is an alkaloid compound synthesized in valerian roots. True or false? | T |
| 2. Atropine is synthesized by Atropa belladonna but not Hyoscyamus niger. True or false? | F, TWO PLANTS PRODUCE ATROPINE |
| . Quinine is an antimalarial alkaloid synthesized from Cinchona officinalis. True or false? | T |
| Atropine has an excellent ophthalmic application used in the ophthalmic clinic. True or false? | T |
| Atropine has many medicinal applications, including: a, improvement of bradycardia; b, treatment of asystole; c, pulseless electrical activity; d, antidote of organophosphate; e, all applications listed in a, b, c, d and e | E |
| . A right dose of Atropa belladonna fruit can be used to improve extremely low heart rate. True or false? | T |
| . If a normal healthy person accidently takes an over dose of Atropa belladonna plants, the person’s heart rate will be increased and his/her vision will be blurred. True or false? | T |
| . Caffeine is a plant terpene metabolite synthesized from Coffea arabica seeds. True or false? | F |
| . Erythroxylum coca (Erythroxylon coca) produces nicotine but not cocaine. True or false? | F, PRODUCES NICOTINE |
| . Tobacco produces cocaine but not nicotine. True or false? | F |
| Papaver somniferum can directly produce heroin, an alkaloid product. True or false? | F |
| Papaver somniferum cannot produce morphine. True or false? | F |
| Coniine is a poisoning alkaloid produced by Senecio jacobaea. True or false? | F, IT IS PRODUCED BY CONIUM MACULATUM |
| Tubocurarine is an alkaloid used as anesthesia during surgery; therefore, it has no poisoning effects. True or false? | F, STRONG POISONOUS EFFECTS |
| If a wolf is injured by Chondrodentron tomentosum, the wolf’s movement won’t be affected at all. True or false? | F, THE WOLF WONT BE ABLE TO RUN IN A SHORT TIME |
| Atropa Belladonna | Deadly nightshade, medicinal Alkaloids: atropine, scopolamine, and hyocyamine, Applications: pupil dialator, improve low heart rate, Products: eye drops. |
| Mentha Piperita | Medicinal Phytochemicals: mainly menthol, terpenees: pulegone, limonene, menthone, menthyl acetate, 1,8-cinole. Medicinal uses: antibacterial, anti-fungus, anti-virus, anti-insect, anto-imflammation. Applications: reduce muscle pain, mouth-wash, reduce fe |
| Echinacea Agustifolia | Main phytochemicals: caftaric acid, chicoric acid, chlorogenic acid. Terpenoids: caryophyllene. Medicinal uses: antiviral activities, anti-flu, anti-herpes, anti-covid, anti-snakebite |
| Chamaemelum nobile | Main phytochemicals: quercetin, apigenin, rutin, luteolin. Medicinal uses: anti-cancer, improve cold, skin issues, blood sugar, anti-inflammation. |
| Curcuma longa | Medicinal Phytochemicals: curcumin, curcumenol. Medicinal applications: flue and cold, prevent cancer, improve arthritis and gastritis. |
| Papaver Somniferum | Main phytochemicals: morphine, papaverine. Medicinal applications: reduce pain, anesthetics for surgery, cough suppressant. |
| Anethum Graveolens | Medicinal uses: anti-pathogen, anti-pain, imporve respiratory and digestive issues. Main terpenoids: anethole, P-anisaldhyde, a-phellandrene, carvone, limonene |
| Withania Somnifera | Main phytochemical: withaferin A sitoindoside 1. Medicinal applications: improve stress and anxiety, cognitive abilities, prevention of parkinsons and Alzheimer's diseases. |
| Paeonia Lactiflora | Main Phytochemicals: monoterpenoids: paeoniflorin and albiflorin. Medicinal applications: improv of blood circulation, neuroprotective effects, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant |
| Nasturtium Officinale | Main phytochemical: gluconasturtiin, lutein and zeaxanthin. Medical applications: antibacterial and anti-virus activities and anti-inflammation effects |
| Tagetes Erecta | Terpenoids: beta-carotene, zeta-carotene, lycopene, lutein. Medicinal applications:antibacterial, anti-virus, anti-inflammation, improvement of sores, ulcers, eczema, sore eyes. |
| phytolacca americana | terpenoids: phytolaccagenin, jaligonic acid. Medicinal Applications: antibacterial, anti-virus, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative effects. |
| pPrunella vulgairs | Main phytochemicals: caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, rutin, and quercetin. Medicinal Applications: antibacterial, anti-virus, inflammatory, anti-oxidative. improvement of diabetes and thyroid nodules. |
| cannabis sativa | Main phytochemicals: THC, CBD, CBN. Medicinal applications: antibacterial, anti-vrius, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, improve anxiety, pain, chronic migranes. |
Created by:
MaryCarterJ
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