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APES unit test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| watershed | region of land that flows water to a body of water |
| watershed divide | boundary between watersheds |
| sub-watersheds | watersheds that flow into larger watersheds |
| groundwater | flows downhill thru permeable sediment, feeds wells, springs, and bodies of water |
| transpiration | plants use precipitation for photosynthesis and release water vapor into the atmosphere |
| wetlands | reduce flooding, release and filter water slowly, hub for biodiversity, important for water cycle |
| water policies | squaring competing interests |
| impervious surfaces | concrete, asphalt, pavement. causes more surface runoff, less percolation |
| point source pollution | pollutants that come from a single source ex. smoke stack, Exxon Valdez spill |
| non-point source pollution | come from many sources ex. runoff |
| habitat | has species needs (food, shelter, water, + reproduction) |
| riparian zones | land areas on river banks, specific habitat, vegetation and sediment filter water |
| anthropogenic | human made/origin |
| pollution | introduction of material that are harmful to living things or at levels that causes environmental damage |
| topography | study of elevation |
| ecosystem services | provides things that everyone needs to survive ex. water purification, flood control, nutrient cycle/uptake, gas exchange |
| eutrophication | input of nutrients |
| cultural eutrophication | addition of excess nutrients to a water body from human activities |
| DO (dissolved oxygen) | amount of oxygen in water absorbed through skin or gills 0-18ppm, 4ppm min, 7-11ppm healthy |
| BOD (biological oxygen demand) | amount of DO needed for decomposers and other organisms to survive |
| oxygen sag curve | inverse DO/BOD when excess nutrients are introduced |
| natural watershed factors | vegetation precipitation geology temperature topography |
| anthropogenic watershed factors | land uses water flow water quality |
| hypoxia | low DO |
| anoxia | no DO |
| turbidity | measure of water clarity/suspended stuff sediments, algae bloom affects photosynthesis, clogs gills, hypoxia, visibility |
| abiotic measures | temperature DO pH nitrates phosphates alkalinity turbidity salinity |
| bioindicators | organisms used as a proxy for environmental measures |
| turbulence | degree to which water mixes with air/oxygen |
| temperature | cold liquid holds more gas, hot liquid less |
| saturation | max concentration of oxygen in water |
| cellular respiration | |
| photosynthesis | |
| organic pollution | bacteria & decomposers process waster if there is too much waste, BOD + CO2 skyrocket |
| pH | measure of acidity and basicness by concentration of H+ ions 10^-k |
| alkalinity | counteracts acidity and balances pH - buffer measure negatively charged ions |
| phosphorus | builds nucleic acid and ATP |
| nitrogen | essential for all life organic and inorganic forms |
| chloride | salt dissolves in water chloride used to treat water |
| phosphorus cycle | rock/soil -> water -> organisms -> sediment |
| nitrogen cycle | atmospheric N2 -> fixation by bacteria/fungi or decomposers or human made fertilizers-> ammonia -> nitrates/nitrites -> bacteria -> denitrification -> N2 |
| water pollution | contamination of bodies of water/groundwater with substances produced through human activities |
| disease causing organisms | indicators species like fecal coliform bacteria to detect pathogens |
| septic systems | tank -> leach field 3 layers in tank: sludge, septage, + scum |
| sewer systems | physical, biological, + chemical processes screens -> aeration tank -> digestor tank -> disinfection (Cl, UV, ozone) uses microorganisms/bacteria to process |
| animal feed lots | animals contaminate local streams |
| manure lagoons | human made pond lined with rubber then used as fertilizer - can leak/overflow |
| clean water act | protects navigable surface water from point source pollution; sets wastewater standard for industry + sewage plants |
| safe drinking water act | sets max. contaminant levels for elements + compounds in drinking water |
| heavy metals | lead - contaminates thru pipes, causes brain damage, safe level 5ppb arsenic - in earth's crust/groundwater, causes cancer, can filter, upper limit 10 ppb mercury - natural but human behavior ups it (combustion/incineration/petroleum ), -> methylHg |
| acid deposition + drainage | acid comes down via precipitation/particles coal + mines make it worse coal scrubbers clean smokestacks |
| pharmaceuticals + hormones | lows concentration in many places, can cause hermaphroditic animals |
| military compounds | perchlorates - from rocket fuel, leak into soil/groundwater cause thyroid issues |
| industrial compounds | PCBs + PBDEs carcenogenic |
| solid waste pollution | dumped sewage waste, coal remnants, medical waste |
| soil sediment pollution | construction, agriculture, loss of vegetation impacts sunlight, clogs gills, + visibility |
| thermal pollution | thermal shock, less DO industry dumps heated water |
| noise pollution | messes with animal communication |
| plastic gyre | circular current pattern, garbage patches |
| macroplastics | entangle organisms organisms digest them + die of starvation |
| microplastics | extremely toxic larger plastics break down from UV mistaken for plankton heavy metals + chemicals attracts to microplastics fat soluble, biomaginifiy and accumulate |
| soil | combination of geological and organic materials dynamic nonrenewable membrane |
| physical weathering | mechanical breakdown of rocks/minerals |
| chemical weathering | breakdown by chemical reactions/dissolving of elements from rocks releases nutrients for use newly exposed minerals form secondary minerals |
| acid precipitation | rapid degradation of old rock + can leach into soil/groundwater |
| erosion | physical removal of rock fragments from landscape/ecosystem humans make it worse |
| soil formation | made from rock weathering + biosphere detritus young v. mature soil (amount of nutrients) |
| soil degradation | soil can't support growth by erosion/compaction |
| soil horizons | O - organic detritus/humus A/topsoil - mix of humus and minerals E - acidic soil, leaching zone, acid moves thru and down B - subsoil, mostly inorganic C - least weathered, similar to parent material |
| CL.O.P.T.T. | things that impact soil climate organism parent rock/material time topography |
| humus | sponge - decay or organic materials |
| soil texture | sand/silt/clay mixture size big -> small |
| CEC/cation exchange capacity | measurement of attraction of cations to negative ones in soil, especially clay |
| base saturation | bases/CEC % |
| porosity | measure of spaces between soil particles |
| soil properties | weathering puts minerals in soil, humus |
| ecosystem services | filter water medium for plant growth habitat for organisms breakdown of organic materials + recycle nutrients |
| acid rain | sulfur from coal |
| nitric acid | from combustion |
| carbonic acid | natural |
| water infiltration | ability of water to get into soil |
| water holding capacity | ability of soil to hold water, related to CEC |
| aeration | ability of soil to hold gas/air |
| workability | how easy it is to turn soil |
| loam | 20% clay 40% silt 40% sand |
| biotic soil properties | top few cm = bacteria/fungi/insects below: burrowing animals lower: plant roots |
| soil community + symbiosis | mycorrhizal (+fungi) symbiosis - plant/fungi mutualism legumes + nitrogen fixing bacteria |
| hydrologic cycle | movement of water thru biosphere precipitation->plant uptake->infiltration/surface runoff-> evapotranspiration |
| evapotranspiration | water up to atmosphere or taken up by plants |
| runoff | water running off impermeable surfaces |
| groundwater | water beneath earth's surface |
| aquifer | small spaces in permeable rock/sediment confined + unconfined |
| water table | highest level where groundwater saturates rock |
| groundwater recharge | precipitation percolating down |
| springs | water naturally percolates up from aquifer |
| artesian well | drilled thru confined aquifer, don't need pump |
| cone of depression | rapid withdrawal of groundwater -> no groundwater in area |
| saltwater infiltration | more drilling = salt water getting into freshwater groundwater |
| floodplain | land adjacent to rivers, more fertile |
| forests ecosystem services | reduce runoff stabilize streambanks shade water cycle nutrients filter pollutants |
| regulating services | benefits from regulating ecosystem processes |
| provisioning services | using freshwater for various purposes |
| supporting services | basic ecological elements/processes soil development, nutrient/water cycling |
| cultural services | non-material benefits recreation, spiritual |
| domestic watershed use | agriculture hydropower aquatic species/habitat |
| green infrastructure | water management practices capture/reduce/filter stormwater mimics natures |
| grey infrastructure | traditional water management hard infrastructure, storm drains |
| riparian buffers | strips of vegetation next to streams.rivers buffer inland + aquatic environment |
| permeability | ability of water to move thru soil |
Created by:
sarahm-m
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