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GI & Kidney
biology, a&p, anatomy and physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the layers of the digestive tract? | Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa |
| Where is the Brunner's gland located? | Submucosa layer in the duodenum |
| Where is the plexus of Meissner? | Submucosa |
| Where is oblique muscle of the muscularis found? | Gall bladder & stomach |
| Where is the myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach)? | Muscularis layer |
| What produces amylase? | in the mouth & pancreas |
| Where do we use amylase? | in the mouth & small intestine |
| What does amylase digest? | starch |
| What does not happen in the esophagus? | no enzymes are used & no digestion occurs here |
| What happens in the esophagus? | chyme is transported to the stomach |
| Where is rugae? | STOMACH & GALL BLADDER |
| Which stomach cells make enzymes? | CHIEF CELLS |
| Which cells make substances? | PARIETAL CELLS |
| What stomach cells make hormone? | G-CELL |
| What produces pepsinogen? | CHIEF CELLS |
| What activates pepsinogen? | HCl & PEPSIN |
| Which cell produces gastrin? | G-CELL |
| What stimulates the parietal cell to make substances? | GASTRIN, (VEGUS)ACETYLCHOLINE, HISTAMINE |
| What stimulates G-cell to produce gastrin? | INCREASE IN pH |
| What digests protein in the stomach? | PEPSIN |
| What hormone indirectly stimulates the production of intrinsic factor? | GASTRIN |
| What produces HCl to activate pepsinogen? | PARIETAL CELL |
| Where does protein digestion start? | IN THE STOMACH |
| Where is intrinsic factor made and used? | MADE IN THE STOMACH, USED IN THE ILEUM (SM. INTESTINE) |
| What is intrinsic factor used for? | ABSORPTION OF B12 IN THE BLOOD |
| What is pernicious anemia caused by? | LACK OF INTRINSIC FACTOR (B12 CAN'T BE ABSORBED) |
| Where does the most absorption occur in the small intestine? | JEJUNUM |
| What is absorbed in the ileum? | B12 & FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS |
| Where are Peyer's Patches located? | ILEUM |
| Which enzymes are produced in the pancreas? | AMYLASE, LIPASE, TRYPSINOGEN, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN, PROCARBOXYPEPTIDASE |
| What activates trypsinogen? | ENTEROKINASE & TRYPSIN |
| What produces enterokinase? | SMALL INTESTINE |
| Which enzymes digest protein in the small intestine? | TRYPSIN, CHYMOTRYPSIN,& CARBOXYPEPTIDASE |
| Where is bile & albumin produced? | LIVER |
| Where are carbs, proteins, & fats metabolized? | LIVER |
| What emulsifies fat? | BILE |
| Where is bile stored and concentrated? | GALL BLADDER |
| Which cell produces bile? | HEPATOCYTE |
| What is the route of bile to the duodenum? | L/R BILE CANALICULI--> L/R HEPATIC DUCT--> COMMON HEPATIC DUCT--> COMMON BILE DUCT --> HEPATOPANCREATIC AMPULLA--> DUODENUM |
| What does the hepatic portal triad consist of? | BRANCH OF HEPATIC ARTERY, HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN, HEPATIC DUCT |
| How do bile & blood flow? | IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS |
| How does fatty acid & glycerol enter the blood indirectly? | THROUGH THE LACTEAL IN THE VILLUS |
| How do starches and amino acids enter the blood directly? | THROUGH THE BLOOD CAPILLARY IN THE VILLUS |
| What is the villus responsible for? | ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS |
| Where are brushborder enzymes made & used? | MADE & USED IN SMALL INTESTINE |
| What is an important brushborder enzyme? | LACTASE |
| What are microvillus used for? | TO INCREASE SURFACE AREA AVAILABLE FOR FINAL DIGESTION & ABSORPTION |
| What are brushborder enzymes used for? | FINAL DIGESTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE |
| In what part of the nephron does the most reabsorption occur? | IN THE PROXIMAL TUBULE |
| In what part of the nephron does urine become concentrated? | IN THE LOOP OF HENLE |
| Where is NaCl reabsorbed (permeable)? | ASCENDING LIMB OF LOOP OF HENLE |
| Where is the concentration of urine hypotonic to plasma? | AT THE END OF THE ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE |
| At which point is urine the most concentrated? | THE HAIRPIN OF THE LOOP OF HENLE |
| Where is urine the most dilute? | ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE |
| Where is water reabsorbed? | DESCENDING LOOP OF HENLE |
| What portion of the nephron is isotonic to plasma? | BOWMAN'S CAPSULE & PROXIMAL TUBULE |
| What portion of the nephron is hypotonic to plasma? | DISTAL TUBULE |
| Where is the site of action for aldosterone? | DISTAL TUBULE |
| Where is the site action for ADH? | COLLECTING DUCT |
| What is secreted in the distal tubule? | K+ & H+ |
| What is the renal corpuscle made of? | BOWMAN'S CAPSULE & GLOMERULUS |
| What produces renin? | JGC |
| What is JGA composed of? | JGC & MACULA DENSA |
| What senses NaCl in the filtrate? | MACULA DENSA |
| Is the glomerulus specific to absorption, reabsorption, filtration or secretion? | FILTRATION |
| What occurs in the peritubular capillary & vasa recta? | REABSORPTION & SECRETION OF BLOOD |
| What is a modified cell of the DISTAL tubule? | MACULA DENSA |
| What is absorbed in the distal tubule? | Na+ |
| What is the modified smooth muscle of the AFFERENT arteriole? | JGC |
| What does the vasa recta contain and where does it come from? | BLOOD FROM THE EFFERENT ARTERIOLE |
| What is the vasa recta? | V-SHAPED VESSEL DIPPED IN THE MEDULLA OF THE KIDNEY |
Created by:
shaswi
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