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Unit 2: Prokaryotes
Biology study set for TVMSC
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 5 charicteristics of life? | Cellular Orginization, Reproduction, Energy/Metabolism, Responsiveness/Adaptation, and Growth and Development |
| What is the organization of life from a single cell to the organism? | Cells --> Tissue --> Organ --> Organ Systems --> Organism --> Population --> Community --> Ecosystem --> Biosphere. |
| What is an abiotic factor? What are some examples? | An abiotic factor is something that is not living. ie. rocks, water, and dirt |
| What is a biotic factor? What are some examples? | A biotic factor is something living. ie. bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals |
| What is an anaerobic organism? | An anaerobic organism is a living thing that does not consume oxygen for growth. |
| What is an aerobic organism? | An aerobic organism is a living thing that does consume oxygen for growth. |
| What are the simililarities and differences between a Eukaryote and a prokaryote? | |
| What are the differences between a plant and animal cell? | |
| What are the three domains? | Bacteria, Archea, and Eukarya |
| What is the cell type in the Archea domain? | Prokaryotic Cells |
| What is the cell type in the Bacteria Domain? | Prokaryotic Cells |
| What are the six kingdoms? | Eubacteria, Archeabacteria, Protista, Animilia, Fungi, and Plantea |
| What is the cell type asociated with Archeabacteria? | Prokaryotic Cells |
| What is the cell type asociated with Eubacteria? | Prokaryotic Cells |
| What is the cell type asociated with Protista? | Eukaryotic Cellls |
| What is the cell type asociated with Animalia? | Eukaryotic Cellls |
| What is the cell type asociated with Fungi? | Eukaryotic Cellls |
| What is the cell type asociated with Plantea? | Eukaryotic Cellls |
| What was the status of earth's life 4.6 billion yrs. ago? | First protocells started to form, no atmosphere, no oxygen |
| What was the status of earth's life 3.8 billion yrs. ago? | Prokaryotic, anaerobic cells started to appear, beginning of life, still no oxygen |
| What was the status of earth's life 2.8 billion yrs. ago? | Photosythetic bacteria appear (Cyanobacteria) and start to put oxygen into enviroment, prokaryotes only |
| What was the status of earth's life 2 billion yrs. ago? | Aerobic, prokaryotic bacteria appear, using oxygen from earlier Cyanobacteria |
| What was the status of earth's life 1.5 billion yrs. ago? | First Eukaryotic cells appear, still single celled organisms, evolved from endosymbiosis |
| What was the status of earth's life 700 million yrs. ago? | Multicellulaur beings begin to appear, both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells, the beginning of complex organisms |
| What is a nucleoid and what does it look like? | The area of the bacteria cell where the chromosomes/DNA are arranged in a prokaryote. |
| What are the ribsomes and what do they look like? | The organelle in the bacteria that make proteins. They are small floating things in the bacteria. |
| What is the cell membrane and what does it look like? | It is a Phospholipid bilayer surrounding the bacteria cell. It sometimes has a cell wall on the outside of it. |
| What is the cell wall and what does it look like? | Some cells have a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane. A protective layer outside the cell membrane. |
| What is an endospore and what does it look like? | An endospore is a thick wall that allows the bacreia to hibernate while in harsh conditions. |
| What are the pili and what do they look like? | Hair like structures wich enable bacteria to adhere to each other and other substances. Some exchange genectic information through pili, called conjugation. |
| What is the flagellum and what does it look like? | Flagella are tails that spin like propellers to propel bacteria forward. |
| What is the difference between Gram - and Gram + cell walls? | Gram + cell walls have a much thicker peptidoglycan that trap the crystal violet. Gram negative cells have a thin peptidoglycan between membranes. |
| How does the difference between Gram + and Gram - cell walls affect antibiotic function? | Gram - cells tend to be more resistant to antibiotics |
| What is the shape of a coccus bacteria? | circiular |
| What is the shape of a bacillus bacteria? | rod like |
| What is the shape of a spirillum bacteria? | curving and twisting |
| How do bacterial cells reproduce through binary fission? | Asexual reproduction in which two identical cells are made |
| How do bacterial cells increase variation through conjugation? | They pick up DNA using there pili, but do not reproduce. |
| Why is variation critical for species survival? | So that a species can adapt to enviromental changes |
| What is an autotroph? | An organism that creates its own food |
| What is a heterotroph? | An organism that eats plants or animals for energy and nutrition |
| What are the 4 ways bacteria get energy? | Photoautotroph, Chemoautotroph, Photoheterotroph, and Chemoheterotroph |
| What is a Photoautotroph? | uses light to make energy |
| What is a Chemoautotroph? | use inorganic molecules |
| What is a Photoheterotroph? | use light for energy (photo) but also must consume organic matter (heterotrophic) for energy |
| What is a Chemoheterotroph? | cannot use carbon to make their own food so must ingest organic materials to create energy |
| What are the basic structural components of a virus? | Nucleic Acid inner core made up of DNA or RNA, but not both and a protein coat called a capsid |
| What is the genetic material within a virus? | DNA or RNA |
| Why is a virus considered non-living? | It does not reproduce, grow, metabolise, or have cells. However it has adaptation and organaztion except no cells |
| How does a virus use its host cell for energy? | They insert they DNA or RNA and either follow the lysogenic or lytic cycle |
| What is the Lytic cycle? | The virus commands the host cell to replicate it until the cell burts and is killed. The viruses spread and look for other host cells |
| What is the Lysogenic cycle? | The virus puts it's DNA into the DNA of the host cell. When the host cell reproduces a copy of the virus is produced in the other cell. A stimuli will cause the virus to go into the lytic cycle. |
| How do vaccines work? | A weakened/killed/part of a virus put into the body. When the real virus enters your body you have antibodies and your immune system knows how to fight it. |
| What types of diseases are treated by vaccines? | Viruses, bacteria that are Gram + |
| What are the three mechanisms cells use to vary their DNA? | conjugation: transfer DNA using pili transduction: transfer DNA along with virus transformation: pickup DNA from dead organism |
Created by:
Henry23
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