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FNN Lipids
WEEK 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Atwater value for lipids? | 9kcal/gram |
| Lipids are a family of compounds that include… | Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols |
| True or false. Oils are a type of fat that is liquid at room temperature | True |
| What is the Acceptable Macronutrient range (AMDR) for fats? | 20-35% of total energy intake |
| Describe the structure of a triglyceride | A triglyceride consists of 3 fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone |
| Describe the characteristics of this fatty acid using this fatty acid nomenclature: 18:5n-3 | It is a polyunsaturated fatty acid due to the presence of > 2 double bonds The chain consists of 18 carbon atoms, 5 double bonds, and the first double bond is on the third C atom on the methyl end |
| Fill in the blank. ___ are considered short chain fatty acids ___ are considered medium chain fatty acids and ___ are considered long chain fatty acids | <10 Carbons are considered short chain fatty acids 10-14 Carbons are considered medium chain fatty acids and >16 Carbons are considered long chain fatty acids |
| Fill in the missing word. saturated fatty acids are much more ___ than unsaturated fatty acids. | Stable |
| Why are unsaturated fatty acids much less susceptible to fatty acid stacking? | Unsaturated fatty acids are less stable due to the presence of double bonds.C=C bonds create “cis” kinks in molecules that make it so that the molecule appears to bend and doesn't stack well. |
| Fill in the blank. Unsaturated Fatty Acids must be a minimum of ___ long. | 12 Carbons |
| Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of which type of fatty acid? | Essential fatty acids |
| What are the 3 main forms of omega-3 fatty acids ? | ALA (Alpha-Linolenic acid; 18:3n3,6,9), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) |
| Define hydrogenation of fats | The process of combining unsaturated fat with H+ ions in order to eliminate double bonds and partially or completely convert it into saturated fat. |
| Fill in the blank. Phospholipids act as ___ for other lipids | Emulsifiers |
| Roles of Cholesterol in the Body include… | Production of steroid hormones (e.g., progestogens, etc) • Production of Vitamin D • Production of bile • Part of myelin (insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves) • Part of cell membranes • Precursor to other important sterols |
| Fill in the blank. Cholesterol is a waxy fat carried through the bloodstream via ___ | Lipoproteins |
| What are the four types of lipoproteins? | Chylomicrons Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) Low density lipoproteins (LDL) High density lipoproteins (HDL) |
| One 18C saturated fatty acid yields 146 ATP; Three 6C glucose (total 18C) yields 114 ATP Why is there more ATPfrom fat? | Fats have more C-H bonds that allow more NADH to be produced. Each fatty acid molecule produces 9 acetyl CoA molecules for the Krebs cycle (whereas glucose yields just 2 two). |
| Define Ketosis | A metabolic process whereby the body uses stored fat as a primary energy source (results in a build up acids (ketones) within the body) |
| Explain ketosis and the common situations associated with it | Ketones are a type of chemical that your liver produces when it breaks down fats. Your body uses ketones for energy typically during fasting, long periods of exercise, or when you don't have as many carbohydrates |
| What are the 3 fates of acetyl CoA? | 1.Enter Krebs cycle (if sufficient carbohydrate to form oxaloacetate and run cycle) ‘ 2.Produce ketone bodies 3.Stored as adipose tissue |
| What are the DRIs for Omega-3 linolenic acids | AI is set for infants, children and adults Men 19+ yrs. – 1.6 g/day Women 19+ yrs. – 1.1 g/day AMDR: 0.6 to 1.2% of total energy intake |
| What are the DRIs for Omega-6 linoleic acids | AI is set for infants, children and adults Men aged 19-50 yrs. – 17 g/day Women aged 19-50 yrs. – 12 g/day AMDR: 5-10% of total energy intake |
| The degree of saturation refers to... | The number of C=C bonds in a fatty acid chain |
| What are Eicosanoids? | Eicosanoids are lipid-based signaling molecules, they hregulate blood pressure, blood clotting, blood lipid levels, and immune responses |
| How is dietary cholsterol absorbed in the body? | Dietary cholesterol is absorbed via microvilli, taken up by the chylomicrons, and travels via lymph into the blood |
| What effect do Phytosterols have on cholsterol? | Saturated phytosterols inhibit cholesterol absorption |
| Explain why High-density lipoproteins are considered the “good cholesterol” | They carry “bad” cholesterol (LDL) away from the arteries |
| Explain the process of Storing Excess Lipid as Adipose | 1. Chylomicrons release free fatty acids 2. Lipoprotein lipase (enzyme on surface of adipose cells) hydrolyzes triglycerides from blood 3. Some parts of the triglycerides enter fats cells and are reassembled and stored through lipogenesis |
| What are the fat soluable vitamins? | A D E and K |
| Explain the effects of Ketosis on oxygen levels in the body | Blood ketone bodies are acids. Acids overwhelm the buffering capacity of blood; resulting in ketoacidosis (lowering of blood pH). Under low pH conditions: hemoglobin binds less oxygen |
| Which lipoprotein contains the most cholesterol? (a) Chylomicron (b) VLDL (c) LDL (d) IDL (e) HDL. | (c) LDL |
Created by:
Fatimma
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