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Bio - Dynamic Cell

Biology Ch. 5 - The Dynamic Cell

TermDefinition
kinetic energy energy associated with MOTION
potential energy STORED energy as a result of location or spatial arrangement
calorie amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
kilocalorie measure of the caloric value of food; equal to 1,000 calories and indicated by a capital "C"
first law of thermodynamics matter can neither be created nor destroyed, but it CAN change forms of be transferred
entropy measure of disorder, randomness, or disorganization of a system
heat type of kinetic energy. captured solar energy eventually dissipates as heat in the environment
enzymes speeds up chemical reactions
substrates reactant in a reaction controlled by an enzyme
active site region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds and where the reaction occurs
induced fit model change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substance(s)
feedback inhibition mechanism for regulating metabolic pathways in which the concentration of the product is kept within a certain range until binding of the substrate to the enzyme's active site reduces (or stops) the activity of the pathway
energy of activation (e sub a) energy that must be added in order for molecule to react with one another
diffusion passive movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
solution fluid (the SOLVENT) that contains a dissolved solid (the SOLUTE)
solute substance dissolved in a solvent, forming a solution
solvent liquid portion of a solution that dissolves a solute
osmosis diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
isotonic solutions solution that is EQUAL in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of a cell; causes a cell to NEITHER lose nor gain water by osmosis
hypotonic solution solution having a lower solute (MORE water) concentration than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cells to gain water by osmosis. OUTSIDE the cell, the concentration of solute is LESS, and the concentration of water is GREATER, than INSIDE the cell
hypertonic solution solution with a higher solute concentration (LESS water) than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cells to lose water by osmosis. OUTSIDE the cell, the concentration of solute is HIGHER, and the concentration of water is LOWER, than INSIDE the cell
sodium-potassium pump carrier protein in the plasma membrane that moves sodium ions out of a potassium ion into animal cells; important in nerve and muscle cells
exocytosis process in which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, so that the vesicle's contents are released outside the cell
endocytosis process by which substances are moved into the cell from the environment by phagocytosis (cellular eating) or pinocytosis (cellular drinking); includes receptor-mediated endocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis selective uptake of molecules into a cell by vesicle formation after they bind to specific receptor proteins in the plasma membrane
phagocytosis cellular eating
pinocytosis cellular drinking
facilitated diffusion is a type of passive-mediated transport in which particles or chemicals are transported across a biological membrane by a transport protein from a high-concentration spot to a low-concentration spot
metabolic pathway a step-by-step series of INTERCONNECTED biochemical reactions, eventually yielding a final product or products; the product of one reaction become the reactant of the next reaction until a final product is left
Created by: Kendall Posey
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