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parent/child: ch 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neurological origins | Visceral - first stage of labor from the distention of the lower uterine segment & stretching of the cervical tissues as it effaces & dilates; somatic - second stage of labor: intense, sharp, burning pain, & well localized |
| Perception of pain | Pain is subjective & is defined completely by the person who is experiencing it |
| Expression of pain | Identifiable physiologic effects (feelings, vital signs, expressions) |
| Gate-control theory of pain | Distractions are thought to work by closing down a hypothetic gate in the spinal cord, thus preventing pain signals from reaching the brain |
| Effleurage | Light stroking, usually of the abdomen, in rhythm with breathing during contractions |
| Counterpressure | Steady pressure applied by a support person to the sacral area with a firm object (ex: tennis ball) or the fist or heel of the hand |
| Intradermal water block | Involves the injection of small amounts of sterile water using a fine-gauge needle into four locations on the lower back to relieve lower back pain |
| Anesthesia | Abolishes pain perception by interrupting the nerve impulses to the brain. The loss of sensation may be partial or complete, sometimes with loss of consciousness |
| Analgesia | Refers to the alleviation of the sensation of pain or the raising of the threshold for pain perception without loss of consciousness |
| Agonist | An agent that activates or stimulates a receptor to act |
| Antagonist | An agent that blocks a receptor or a medication designed to activate a receptor |
| Opioid agonist-antagonist analgesics | Agonists at kappa opioid receptors & either antagonists or weak agonists at mu opioid receptors |
| Opioid (narcotic) antagonists | Such as naloxene (Narcan) can promptly reverse the CNS depressant effects, especially respiratory depression, in most situations |
| Regional analgesia | Some pain relief & motor block |
| Regional anesthesia | Complete pain relief & motor block |
| Nerve block analgesia & anesthesia | -caine |
| Spinal anesthesia (block) | An anesthetic solution containing a local anesthetic alone or in combination with an opioid agonist analgesic is injected through the third, fourth, or fifth lumbar interspace into the subarachnoid space, where the anesthetic solution mixes with CSF |
| Epidural | Relief from the pain of uterine contractions & birth (vaginal & cesarean) can be achieved by injecting a suitable local anesthetic agent, an opioid analgesic, or both into the epidural space |
| Combined spinal-epidural (CSE) analgesia | Walking epidural; used to block pain transmission without compromising motor function |
| Nitrous oxide | Laughing gas; inhaled anesthetic gas used for labor analgesia |
| Sedatives | Relieve anxiety & induce sleep, but they do not provide analgesia |
| General anesthesia | Rarely used for uncomplicated vaginal birth |
| Maternal hypotension interventions | Lateral position, maintain IV infusion, O2, elevate legs, notify HCP, vasopressors, & remain with patient & continue to monitor BP & FHR every 5 min until stable |
Created by:
tatianalopez03
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