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Succession

AQA A-level biology populations year 13

TermDefinition
Succession Gradual change in a community over time
Pioneer species/primary colonisers The first simple species to colonise a new, harsh environment. This is normally barren land
Examples of pioneer species and their adaptations Lichen, bacteria, algae. A tolerance to extreme conditions, the ability to fix nitrogen from the air, ability to photosynthesise, can easily disperse seeds across vast distances, rapid germination of seeds
How pioneer species affect their environment Death of early colonisers adds nutrients and organic matter to the soil, this makes the soil more habitable for other plant species and buffers extreme abiotic conditions
Why pioneer species need to reproduce asexually It allows them to rapidly and efficiently establish themselves in a harsh environment with few of their own species
Secondary colonisers More complex and competitive species e.g., mosses that are less specialised to deal with harsh conditions that can survive in the conditions stabilised by the pioneer species. Then they outcompete the pioneer species
Tertiary colonisers Larger and more specialised organisms e.g., grasses, adapted to the stable and mature ecosystem and can outcompete the other colonisers
Shrubland Terrestrial ecosystems characterised by a mix of woody plants and sometimes small trees. Can only grow after tertiary colonisers have been established
Climax community Stable and self-sustaining ecological community that develops over time in a particular habitat, under prevailing environmental conditions
Seral stages The distinct intermediate stages that occur during ecological succession from pioneer species to climax community
Primary succession The process of ecological development in a previously barren location with no pre-existing organisms
Secondary succession The process of ecological development in a location that has been previously inhabited by a community of organisms that has been disrupted
Created by: Study_B
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