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Music History Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chant | Monophonic; Used in the church as part of the liturgy |
| Mass | Symbolic reenactment of the Last Supper; The most important service in the Catholic Church |
| Motet | Latin, polyphonic, came after organum; Different lines of text happening simultaneously, the original text in the tenor voice and different text in the line(s) above |
| Organum | Early polyphony; Took chant and added something to it; Multiple forms: parallel organum, and mixed parallel & oblique organum |
| Chanson | Secular French song; Composed by troubadours, trouveres, and trobairitz |
| Madrigal | Italian style from Italian Trecento |
| Formes fixes | "Fixed forms"; French songs in 14th century that have particular patterns of repetition: Ballad, Rondeau, and Virelai |
| Italian Trecento | Italian secular music: Madrigal, Caccia, and Ballata |
| Liturgical drama | A religious play; Example: Ordo Virtutum |
| Musical plays | Secular play; Example: Adam de la Halle's Robin and Mario |
| Versus | Sacred Latin song; Typical topics of Jesus' birth and the Virgin Mary |
| Conductus | Could be secular OR sacred Latin song |
| Laude | Italian sacred song |
| Goliard songs | Latin songs sang by goliards (wandering students and clerics); Topics were not limited to anything |
| Cantiga | Spanish or Portuguese monophonic songs; Typically about the Virgin Mary |
| Minnelieder | German songs sang by Minnesingers |
| Ars Nova | Meaning "new art"; French style of polyphony that started divisions of two OR three; Inventor was Phillipe de Vitry |
| Cantus firmus | Name of the tenor line specifically in motets |
| Channsoniers | French song books used by troubadours, mostly poems |
| Discant organum | Both parts move at about the same rate with 1-3 notes in the upper part for each note of the lower voice |
| Duplum | 2 voices; First added line above the tenor line |
| Epic | Heroic songs about good deeds |
| Gamut | The whole collection of notes in the mode or scale (Ut Re Mi Fa Sol La) |
| Guidonian Hand | Solfege on the hand, different points had a different pitch associated |
| Hocket | Compositional technique of alternating voices; "Hiccup" |
| Isorhythms | Compositional technique of a repeated rhythmic pattern of the tenor voice; 2 elements: Talea and Color |
| Talea | Rhythmic pattern of isorhythm |
| Color | Melody of the isorhythm |
| Magnus liber organi | Book of organum associated with Notre Dame polyphony and Leonin and Perotin |
| Minnesinger | German knightly singer |
| Melismatic | Long melodic passages for one syllable |
| Mixed parallel and oblique organum | Parallel fourths except for where there are tritones |
| Monophony | Unison singing, all on the same pitch or in octaves |
| Musica ficta | Music outside of the normal gamut (chromatic alterations); Done to avoid tritones; Weren't always written out in the music |
| Neumatic | 1-3 pitches per syllable; In between syllabic and melismatic |
| Neumes | 1st notation system; Didn't give a specific rhythm or pitch, but gave number of notes and whether the melody ascended, descended, or repeated |
| Heightened neumes | Neumes placed at varying heights; Indicated relative size and direction of intervals |
| Organal Voice | Added voice above the tenor |
| Principal Voice | Original voice, or tenor voice |
| Parallel organum | Added voice that is a parallel fifth below |
| Polyphony | Different melodies happening simultaneously |
| Polytextual | More than one text within a composition; The Motet |
| Quadruplum | Four voiced polyphony; Perotin composed quadruplum |
| Reciting tone | Repeated note in the melody |
| Final tone | Main note in the melody; Comparable to the tonic |
| Responsorial | Soloist alternates with the choir or congregation |
| Rhythmic modes | Notre dame polyphony; 6 different "modes" to choose from; All have a 6/8 feel |
| Syllabic | Each syllable gets one note |
| Tenor | Lowest voice; Original chant line; In a motet called the cantus firmus; In early organum called the principal voice |
| Triplum | Three voiced polyphony |
| Trope | Expansion on existing chant; Added words, notes, text, etc. |
| Troubadour | Male singer from Southern France; Language: Occitan |
| Trobairitz | Female singer from Southern France; Language: Occitan |
| Trouvere | Singers from Northern France; Language: Old French |
| Who was Hildegard of Bingen? | Sacred composer, known for Liturgical drama |
| Who were Leonin and Perotin? | Associated with Notre Dame Polyphony; Leonin composed 2 voice organum; Perotin composed 3-4 voice organum |
| Who was Machaut? | Well known French composer of the 14th century; 1st to compile all his works; Famous for Mass of Our Lady |
| Who was Francesco Landini? | Italian composer; Wrote Italian Trecento: Had a cadence named after him because he used it a lot |
| Who was Phillipe de Vitry? | The inventor of Ars Nova |
| Who was Comtessa de Dia? | A Trobairitz |
| Who was Bernart de Ventadorn? | Troubadour who most likely brought Troubadour songs to North of France and inspired the development of Trouveres |
| Who was Guido of Arezzo? | A monk and an early music theorist; He invented the 4 lines, color associations with certain lines, the gamut, and the Guidonian hand |
| Who was Roman de Fauvel? | A donkey part of French political satire of the corruption in politics; Important because of the use of isorhythms and it was also part of Ars nova; Written by Phillipe de Vitry |
| What are the parts of the Mass Ordinary in order? | Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei |
| What are some instruments of the medieval period? | Transverse flute: Similar to modern flute, made of wood/ivory and did not have keys; Shawm: Double reed instrument similar to the oboe; Pipe and tabor: High whistle fingered w the left hand while the right hand beat a small drum w/ a stick |
| What is the difference between the Mass Ordinary and the Mass Proper? | Mass Proper: Text changes from day to day and they were named by their function; Mass Ordinary: Text does not change and they were named by their first word |
| Who was the Mass for the Dead attributed to? | Thomas of Celano |
| Who composed Ordo virtutum? | Hildegard of Bingen |
| Who composed A chantar? | Comtessa de Dia |
| Who composed Viderunt omnes? | Perotin |
| Who composed La Messe de Nostre Dame | Machaut |
| Who composed Cosi pensoso | Francesco Landini |
Created by:
knaico
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