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Bio Chapter 3
The chemical basis of life
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Carbon can form up to ____ | Four bonds |
| Nonpolar | Hydrophobic, water fearing |
| polar | Hydrophilic water loving |
| polymers | two or more monomers |
| Dehydration reaction | when water is taken out and forms polymers |
| Hydrolysis reaction | when water is added and breaks polymers |
| carbohydrates | composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| carbohydrates formation | C#(H2O)# |
| Monosacchrides | the simplest carbohydrate, monomer |
| basic monomers | fructose, glucose, galactose |
| basic disacchrides | lactose, sucrose, maltose |
| basic polysacchrides | cellulose, starch, glycogen |
| Monosaccharides and disaccharides | are used as energy sources |
| glycosidic bond | the covalent bond formed between 2 sugars |
| Starch | energy storage in plant cels |
| glycogen | energy storage in certain animal cells |
| cellulose | provides strength to plant cell walls |
| peptidoglycans | found cell walls in bacteria |
| chitin | found cell walls in fungi |
| glycosaminoglycans | found in connective tissue |
| Lipids | composed of mainly hydrogen and carbon atoms |
| polarity of lipids | non polar, hydrophobic |
| Triglycerides made from | Glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
| Saturated fatty acids | don't have double bonds, has a straight structure C-C |
| unsaturated fatty acids | Has double bonds, has a bend in its structure C=C |
| The straight structure of saturated fatty acids | packs together tightly |
| It takes _____ heat to melt saturated fatty acids than it does unsaturated | more |
| Phospholipids are formed from ___ | Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group |
| Phosphate head characteristics | polar and hydrophilic |
| Phosphate tail characteristics | non polar and hydrophobic |
| Steroids characteristics | has 4 interconnected rings of carbon |
| examples of steroids | cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone |
| waxes characteristics | long structures of a fatty acid connected to a hydrocarbon cahin |
| wax function | to protect from water loss |
| Proteins | composed of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen |
| 20 amino acids make _____ | proteins |
| amino acids are categorized by | chemical properties of (R) side chains (up) |
| polypeptides | polymer of amino acids |
| peptide bond | covalent bond between carbon and nitrogen |
| N-terminus | the end with a free amino group (left) |
| C- terminus | the end with a free carboxyl group (right) |
| proteins structure is characterized at 4 progressive levels | Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| Primary structure | amino acids in a linear sequence |
| secondary structure | amino acids form hydrogen bonds and spiral helix and pleated sheet |
| tertiary structure | folded in 3-d shape |
| quaternary structure | two or more polypeptieds bind to each other to form protein |
| Neucleic acids function | storage, expression and transmission of genetic info |
| Purine bases | adenin, guanine |
| pyrimidine bases | thymine, cytosine |
| what links nucleotides forming sugar phosphate backbone? | phosphate groups |
| DNA | 2 strands held by hydrogen bonds |
| RNA | 1 strand contains sugar riboses |
Created by:
BananaBread12
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