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Phys 201 Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atoms | -the fundamental building blocks of matter. -contains a central nucleus with protons and neutrons -electrons surround the nucleus. |
| elements | -defined by their numbers of protons -atoms with the same number of protons. -have the same chemical and physical properties |
| Isotopes | atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons |
| ions | -atoms with an unequal number of protons and electrons -gaining an electron gives it a -1 charge -losing an electron gives it a +1 charge |
| Mineral | -a naturally occurring inorganic solid with an orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and physical properties. -approximately 5,400 minerals. |
| Silicate Minerals | -the most common group -contain the silica-oxygen tetrahedron -various _____ _____ groups are defined by how the tetrahedron are arranged and connected by other elements. |
| Dark Silicate Minerals | -dark in color and high density -lots of Fe, Mg, Mn, and Ca -Mantle rocks |
| Light Silicate Minerals | -light in color and lower density -lots of Si, Al, K, and Na -continental rocks |
| Nonsilicate minerals | -carbonates, halides, oxides, sulfides, sulfates and native elements |
| rock | -a solid mass of mineral or organic material that occurs naturally as part of our planet. -igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic |
| Igneous Rocks | -form as magma or lava cools and solidifies. -mainly composed of silicate minerals (granitic, basaltic, andesitic, ultramafic) |
| Magma | -molten rock material below the Earth's Surface. -plutonic or intrusive igneous |
| Lava | -molten rock material on the Earth's Surface -volcanic or extrusive igneous |
| Granitic (felsic) | includes lots of silica and light silicate minerals |
| Basaltic (mafic) | includes less silica and more dark silicate minerals |
| Andesitic (intermediate) | includes light and dark silicate |
| ultramafic | contains almost all dark silicates |
| igneous textures | the size, shape and arrangement of mineral crystals that make up rock |
| Bowen's Reaction Series | -describes the order in which minerals crystalize from cooling magma or lava -influences the composition of the melt and resulting rocks |
| Sedimentary Rocks | -form from sediment (particles from pre-existing rocks) -About 75% of all surface outcrops on the continents. -used to reconstruct Earth's history |
| Lithification (1) | the process by which sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks |
| compaction | sediments are buried and compacted by the weight of the overlying sediment |
| Cementation | sediments are cemented or "glued" together by dissolved minerals and ions |
| types of sedimentary rocks | detrital and chemical, biochemical, and organic |
| detrital | -solid particles from weathering -classified by particle size and shape |
| chemical, biochemical, and organic | -derived from ions carried in solution to lakes and oceans -classified by composition |
| Features of sedimentary rocks | strata/bed and fossils |
| strata/beds | -accumulated layers of sediment over time -record past environments. |
| fossils | traces or remains of prehistoric life |
| metamorphic rocks (1) | -form from pre-existing rocks that are subjected to great pressure and/or heat -they are changed, but they are NOT melted |
| metamorphic rocks (2) | heat, pressure and confining pressure from deep burial |
| the rock cycle (1) | 1) Magma 2) Weathering 3) Sediment 4) Lithification 5) Metamorphism 6) Melting |
| the rock cycle (2) | full cycle does not always take place due to the"shortcuts" or interruptions |
| Seismic Waves | when an earthquake occurs, an incredible amount of energy is released, which travels through the Earth in forms of waves |
| p-waves | travel through many types of material but direction and velocity change when they cross a boundary |
| s-waves | can travel through solids but not liquids |
| the core | -Roughly 2,200 miles thick -mostly iron and some nickel -temperatures about 12,000 F -2 portions: Solid inner ____ and liquid outer ____ -Creates the Earth's magnetic field |
| the mantle | -Roughly 1,800 miles thick -mostly solid rock composed of dark, dense, heavy minerals - includes portions that are molten rock (magma) and soft, partially molten rock |
| the crust | -The thin, outer skin of the Earth -thickness is variable from <5 miles to about 25 miles or more -Two basic types: Continental and Oceanic |
| Continental Crust | -thin (4 miles thick) dark colored -high density (mostly Si, Mg, Fe) -also called basaltic rock -oldest is only about 180 million years old |
| Lithosphere (2) | -the solid, upper portion of the mantle and crust -it is composed of solid, brittle rocks about 65 miles thick -js not a continuous layer, it is broken into individual, solid fragments or _____ plates (tectonic plates) -brick |
| Asthenosphere | -the soft, partially molten portion of the mantle -soft and squishy in places, molten rock in others -play dough |
| tectonic plate theory | -the lithosphere is composed of individual solid fragments -the plates rest upon the soft, partially molten and liquid asthenosphere -the plate are in motion -the edges of the plate scape collide or move away from each other |
| 1915 alfred wegner (continental drift) | -pangea -geologist -fossils |
| evidence accumulates | -1940s and 1950s the governments and engineers began using sonar to map the ocean floor -oceanic ridges, oceanic ridges and trenches -They were also obtaining samples of the rocks and sediments on the deep ocean floor -age of the ocean floor |
| Oceanic Ridges | long mountain chains along the central portions of the ocean basins |
| oceanic trenches | long, narrow, but very deep valleys (up to 36,000 feet) instead of about 12,000 |
| 3 plate boundaries | -divergent -convergent -transform |
| divergent | the plates are moving away from each other, or separating |
| convergent | the plates converge, or collide |
| transform | the plates are moving next to each other |
| divergent plate boundaries | -the plates spread apart -magma from the asthenosphere rises to the surface -magma cools, solidifies and forms new oceanic crust -the boundary between the plates is called a spreading center or riff zone |
| continental rift valley | east africa rift zone and red sea |
| convergent boundaries | -oceanic oceanic convergence -oceanic continental convergence -continental continental convergence -bouyancy -isostacy |
| BOUYANCY | heavy objects tend to sink, light objects tend to rise |
| isostacy | the condition of balance or equilibrium between tectonic plates and the soft asthenosphere below |
| oceanic-continental convergence | -oceanic crust is heavy and dense -continental crust is less dense -the plate with the dense, heavy oceanic crust is forced to sink beneath the plate with less dense continental crust -subduction zone |
| Subduction Zone | where the plates actually meet and the oceanic plate is forced downwards |
| Oceanic-oceanic convergence | -two plates with dense, heavy, oceanic crust collide -at a spreading center, new oceanic crust is formed. As this new crust cools, it becomes slightly compressed -older crust is more dense and heavier than younger crust -the older, heavier crust is sub |
| continental-continental convergence | -two plates with continental crust collide -both have low-density -neither plates can be subducted, so the crus collides and is crumpled, faulted, folded, and pushed upwards. -oceanic part will be subducted, continental will not |
| transform boundary | -when two plates slide past each other -no collisions -no subduction |
| earthquakes | A trembling or shaking of the ground caused by the sudden release of energy stored in the rocks beneath the Earth's surface. |
| Measuring size and strength | -two basic methods: intensity and magnitiude |
| Mercalli Intensity Scale | -A description of an earthquake's effects on buildings -it allows us to study earthquakes in the past |
| Magnitude | -an estimate of the size of an earthquake based upon direct measurements. -Richter Scale |
| Moment Magnitude | -a more precise measurement, determined as a function of: the strength of the rock that was ruptured. the surface area of rupture. the amount of rock displacement along the fault. |
| Earthquakes and Divergent Boundaries | -plates are spreading apart -rocks are young and thin -result: many small earthquakes |
| Earthquakes and Convergent Boundaries | -great force involved -large amount of energy release -earthquakes can be very strong |
| Focus (hypocenter) | the point within an earthquake where seismic waves originate or where the rock breakage happens. |
| Epicenter | the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus |
| seismometer (seismograph) | an instrument used to measure seismic waves |
| seismogram | the "paper" record of the seismic waves recorded by seismometer |
| seismic waves | two basic types: body waves and surface waves |
| Body waves | originate at the focus and travel through the Earth's interior |
| Surface waves | -move along the surface of the Earth -created by body waves when the body waves reach the surface -produce the most ground movement, hence the severe damage done to buildings |
| primary | -these move with the greatest velocity, and thus are the first to reach a seismic station -they are compression waves -similar to sound waves |
| Secondary | -the second wave to arrive at the seismic station -they are transverse waves -can only travel through solids. |
| volcano | a vent or fracture through which magma and associated materials rise from the Earth's interior to the surface (erupt) |
| Gases | volcanic eruptions produce a very large volume of gases, mostly H20 (water vapor) |
| Pyroclastic Materials | molten and solid materials ejected upward and outward |
| volcanic ash | -flour-sized particles of volcanic glass. it is loose and very gritty. -it can be a terrible, direct threat to humans |
| hot rock fragments | larger fragments of hot, solid rock material. |
| bombs | blobs of lava that are shot up into the air. |
| Viscosity | -a fluid's resistance to flow -low viscosity has low resistance (water) -high viscosity has high resistance (toothpaste) -affected by SiO4 content, temp and other variables |
| Volcanic Classification | -Shape and Composition -Relative Activity |
| Shape and composistion | Shield, cinder cone, composite, lava dome, basalt plateau |
| Shield Volcano | -A broad, gently-sloping volcanic mountain composed of basaltic lava flows. -Hawaiian Mountains |
| Cinder Cone | -A small, very steep volcano made up of pyroclastic material. -composition is variable, but typically lava with high gas content. |
| Composite Volcano | -a large, steep, cone-shaped volcanic mountain composed of alternating layers of lava flows and pyroclastic materials. -mostly andesitic -"movie" volcano |
| lava dome | a small dome or irregular shaped volcano composed of thick, viscous rhyolitic magma and lava |
| Flood Basalt | -A vast accumulation of layers of basalt that may cover thousands of square miles -typically forms at the mid ocean ridges -may form on continents during large fissure eruptions |
| active | the volcano is erupting or showing some sort of action |
| dormant | -the volcano is not presently active, but it is still considered likely to erupt in the future. -it is still connected to a source of magma |
| extinct | -the volcano is not active, and is not expected to do so in the future -it is not connected to a source of magma. |
| Divergent Plate Boundaries and Volcanoes | -spreading centers or rift zones -thin crust over hot asthenosphere |
| Oceanic-Continental Collision | -Deep melting occurs- basaltic magma rises -hot basaltic magma can: melt continental rock which will then rise. And melt and mix with continental crust. -result: plug domes and composite volcanoes -oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental |
| Oceanic-Oceanic Collsion | -older, denser oceanic plate is subducted -partial melting and differentiation creates magma that is andesitic |
| Continental-continental collision | -no subduction -no volcanoes |
| transform boundary and volcanoes | -when two plates slide past each other -no collisions -no subduction -no volcanoes |
| hot spot | an area of intense volcanic activity above a mantle plume |
| mantle plume | -a column of very hot magma that rises from the lower portions of the mantle. -they can cause crust to fracture, leading to flood basalt -or rise through a conduit and form a volcano -they are stationary -volcanic island chains |
| yellowstone | -a mantle plume located below the north american plate (wyoming) -a large caldera -last three major eruptions about 600,000 to 700,000 years apart |
| pyroclastic flow | -a cloud of super-heated gas and volcanic ash that rushed down the sides of the volcano -temps can be over 1800F |
Created by:
emilywinter318
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