Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
parent/child: ch 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Five P’s | Passengers (fetus & placenta), passageway (birth canal), powers (contractions), position of the mother, & psychological response |
| Presentation | Refers to the part of the fetus that enters the pelvic inlet first & leads through the birth canal during labor at term. Cephalic presentation - head first. Breech presentation - buttocks, feet, or both first. Shoulder presentation. |
| Presenting part | It is the part of the fetal body first felt by the examining finger during a vaginal examination. When the presenting part is the occiput, the presentation is noted as vertex |
| Lie | The relation of the long axis (spine) of the fetus to the long axis (spine) of the mother; vaginal birth cannot occur when the fetus stays in a transverse lie |
| Attitude | The relation of the fetal body parts to one another |
| General flexion | The back of the fetus is rounder, so the chin is flexed to the chest, the thighs are flexed on the abdomen, & the legs are flexed at the knees; normal |
| What are the preferred birthing positions? | ROA & LOA (fetal spine facing mom’s abdomen) |
| Biparietal diameter | About 9.25cm at term, is the largest transverse diameter & an important indicator of fetal head size. The smallest & most critical one is the suboccipitobregmatic diameter (about 9.5 cm at term) |
| Position | The relationship of a reference point on the presenting part to the four quadrants of the mother’s pelvis |
| Position: 3-letter abbreviation | 1st letter - right (R) or left (L) side of the mother’s pelvis. 2nd letter - specific presenting part of the fetus (O: occiput; S: sacrum; M: mentum [chin]; Sc: scapula [shoulder]). 3rd letter - anterior (A), posterior (P), or transverse (T). |
| Station | The relationship of the presenting fetal part to an imaginary line drawn between the maternal ischial spines & is a measure of the degree of descent of the presenting part of the fetus through the birth canal; birth is imminent at +4 & +5 |
| Engagement | The term used to indicate that the largest transverse diameter of the presenting part (usually the biparietal diameter) has passed through the maternal pelvic brim or inlet into the true pelvis & usually corresponds to station 0 |
| The 4 basic types of pelves | Gynecoid (the classic female type) Android (resembling the male pelvis) Anthropoid (oval shaped, with a wider anteroposterior diameter) Platypelloid (the flat pelvis) |
| Cervical dilation | The enlargement or widening of the cervical opening & the cervical canal that normally occurs once labor has begun; 0 - 10cm; full dilation marks the end of the 1st stage of labor |
| Effacement | The shortening & thinning of the cervix during the 1st stage of labor; 0 - 100% |
| Powers (Contractions) | Primary - involuntary uterine contractions, signals the beginning of birth; secondary - voluntary bearing-down efforts by the woman |
| Frequency | The time from the beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next |
| Duration | Length of contraction |
| Intensity | Strength of contraction at its peak |
| Ferguson reflex | The maternal urge to bear down |
| Position of the laboring woman | Frequent changes in position reduce fatigue, increase comfort, & improve circulation |
| Signs preceding labor | Lightening, return of urinary frequency, backache, stronger Braxton Hicks contractions, weight loss of 0.5 - 1.5kg, surge of energy (nesting), increased vaginal discharge (bloody show), cervical ripening, & possible rupture of membranes |
| The 1st stage of labor | Considered to last from the onset of regular uterine contractions to full dilation of the cervix |
| The 2nd stage of labor | Lasts from the time the cervix is fully dilated to the birth of the infant |
| The 3rd stage of labor | Lasts from the birth of infant until the placenta is delivered |
| The 4th stage of labor | Begins with the delivery of the placenta & lasts until the woman’s condition is considered stable in the immediate postpartum period, usually within 1 hour after giving birth |
| Mechanism of labor | What the baby naturally does to get out (engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, external rotation [restitution], & birth by expulsion |
| Engagement | When the biparital diameter of the head passes the pelvic inlet, the head is said to be engaged in the pelvic inlet |
| Asynclitism | The head is deflected anteriorly or posteriorly in the pelvis |
| Descent | Refers to the progress of the presenting part through the pelvis; measured by the station |
| Flexion | Chin to chest |
| Internal rotation | The fetal head passes the inlet into the true pelvis in the occiptotransverse position |
| Extension | The head emerges |
| Restitution & external rotation | After the head is born, it rotates briefly to the position it occupied when it was engaged in the inlet; the external rotation occurs as the shoulders engage & descend in maneuvers similar to those of the head |
| Expulsion | The head & shoulders are lifted up toward the mother’s pubic bone, & the trunk of the baby is born by flexing it laterally in the direction of the symphysis pubis |
| Fetal heart rate | The average is 140 bpm at term; the norma range is 110 - 160 bpm |
| Fetal respiration | Certain changes stimulate chemoreceptors in the aorta & carotid bodies to prepare the fetus for initiating respirations right after birth |
| Maternal adaptation | Cardiac output increases, HR increases, supine hypotension, BP increases during contractions & returns to baseline in between, WBC count increases, RR increases, temp is elevated, proteinuria, decreased GI motility, nausea & vomiting, & glucose increases |
| Should the woman be encouraged or discouraged to use the Valsalva maneuver for pushing? | No, fetal hypoxia may occur if so |
| True labor | Consistent contractions & dilation |
Created by:
tatianalopez03
Popular USMLE sets