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IMMUNOLOGY SEROLOGY
CLT 105
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of serum/plasma;antibody antigen reactions. | Serology |
| What stimulates the production of antibodies | Antigen |
| C-reactive protein function? | Opsonization, complement activation |
| Serum anyloid A function? | Removal of cholesterol |
| ALPHA, -antitripsin function? | Protease inhibitor |
| Fibrinogen function? | Clot formation |
| Haptoglobin function? | Blind hemoglobin |
| Ceruloplasmin function? | Binds copper and oxidizes iron |
| Complement C3 function? | Opsonization, lysis |
| Manose-binding protein function? | Complement activation |
| Natural Innate Immunity is: | is non adaptive, non specific |
| Aquired immunity is: | is specific for each individual pathogen, has memory |
| Natural immunity has 2 defenses: | External and internal defense system |
| Lactic acid in sweat and fatty acids from sebaceus glands keep skin ph at aprox.____? | 5.6 ph |
| What enzyme is found in tears and saliva and attacs the cell walls of microorganisms? | Lysozyme |
| Normal flora that keeps pathogens away is also called ________ | Competitive exclusion |
| What defense system is designed to recognise molecules that are unique to infectious organisms? | Internal defense system |
| Atimicrobial proteins that interfere w/ viral replication,modulate inflamation and activate immune cells...? | Cytokines (interferons) |
| Antimicrobial proteins the kill bacteria by themselves, promote inflamation and mark cells for phagocytosis...? | Plasma proteins (complement C3 and C5) |
| What are the cardinal signs of infection? | Pain, swelling, redness, heat |
| General term for chemical messangers that promote vasodilation, increases vascular permeability and act as chemotaxins | Inflamatory mediators |
| Example of Inflamatory Mediators: | Histamine, prostaglendines, kinins, and cytokines |
| Occures as the gaps between adjiacent capilary endathelial cells enlarge, allows plasma proteins and phagocytes to enter tissues? | Incresed vascular permeability |
| Surface markers on activated endothelial cells to which neutrophils and monocytes bind? | Cell adhesion molecule |
| The process by witch the neutrophils and monocites bind to cells adhesion molecules and stick to the blood vessel wall? | Margination |
| The process of neutrophils leaving blood vessels? | diapedesis |
| The process by witch neutrophils follow the trail of inflamatory mediators up the concentration gradient? | Chemotaxis |
| One of the 3 classes of proteins that enters injured tissue; act as opsonins, form MAC's and are inflamatory mediators? | Complement |
| One of teh 3 important classes of proteins that enters injured tissues; act as an opsonin | Antibodies |
| Forms a mash-like netwark of fibrin proteins that act as temporary scaffold for repairs and traps patogens. | Clotting factors |
| Tough protein in skin cell, form an abrasion and water resistant outer most layer | Keratin |
| Traps pathogen in the digestive and respiratory pasageway | Sticky mucus |
| It is acidic and contains the enzyme lysozyme | Mucous Membrane Secretions and Skin Secretions |
| What cell folows the influx of neutrophils into the infected tissue? | Monocytes |
| Carry out immune survailance, looking for the absence of normal proteins on our own cells | NK Cell |
| Phagocytize pathogens | Macrophages and Neutrophils |
| Can be free or fixed | Macrophages |
| Normally circulate in the blood | Monocytes, Neutrophils, NK cells |
| Use special cell mambrane receptors to recognise and bind molecules found only on certain pathogens | Neutrophils and macrophages |
| Can secrete distructive enzyme on to the surface of pathogen | macrophages and neutrophils |
| First cell to live the blood and enter tissue in response to infection or trauma | neutrophils |
| Kill cells the have been invaded by pathogens that become cancerous | NK cells |
| Release chemicals to recrute neutrophils to the tissues | Macrophages |
| Cells that kill other cells | Phagocytosis |
| the serum include specific proteins called ______ ;;;and nonspecific factors that increase during infection, injuri or trauma to the tissue is called_______ | antibodies, acute-phase reactants |
| the phagocytes engulfs the pathogen and form a | phagosome |
| The phagosome fuses with a lysosome to form a | phagolysosome |
| During phagocytosis, enzymes convert oxygen into toxic reactive oxygen intermediates also called________ | respiratory burst |
| what pokes holes inside the bacterial membranes | defensines |
| Acute-phase reactants are produced primarely by hepatocytes (liver parenchimal cells) in 12-24 h in r4espose to signaling of certain intercelular peptides called | cytokines |
| Cytokines are produced at the site of inflamation by | monocytes and macrophages |
| The coating of foreign particle by serum proteins such as complement and antibodies is called________ | Opsonization |
| CRP binds on specific receptors on monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils,witch promote____ | Phagocytosis |
| It is a nonspecific form of antibody that act as adefence against microorganisms untillspeciic untibodies can be produced. | C-reactive protein (CRP) |
| Increases rapidly in the first 4-6 h after infection, surgery, trauma. The most widely indicator of acute infections, heart atack, stroke. | CRP |
| It is a apolipoprotein sintesized by the liver and it is associated with HDL cholesterol. Significant increased levels in bacterial infections | Serum Amyloid A |
| 9 serum proteins that function as mediators of inflamation, actiated by antibodies through clasical and alternate pathways | Complement |
| what protein is a trimer and acts as an opsonin, witch ia calcium dependent and can recognize some sugers?? | MBP |
| Lack of MBP has been associated w/ recurrent _________ | yeast infections |
| It is a component of the alphaband when serum is electrophoresed; acts against an endogenous enzyme called elastase. | AAT=alpha1-antitripsin protein |
| regulates the proinflamatory cytokines and a deficienty can rezult in premature emphysema or isiopatic pulmonary fibrosis | AAT |
| Tumor necrosis : factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin 6 are_______ | proinflamatory cytokines |
| The primary function of ________ is to bind irreversably to free hemoglobin released by intravascular hemolysis. | Haptoglobin |
| regulates the proinflamatory cytokines and a deficienty can rezult in premature emphysema or isiopatic pulmonary fibrosis | AAT |
| Tumor necrosis : factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin 6 are_______ | proinflamatory cytokines |
| The primary function of ________ is to bind irreversably to free hemoglobin released by intravascular hemolysis. | Haptoglobin |
| Haptoglobin plays an important role in protecting the __________ from damage and in preventing the loss of ________ by urinary excrations. | kidney; iron |
| A powerful oxidizing angent that can generate peroxides and hydroxyl radicals. | Free hemoglobin |
| Provides protection against oxydative damages mediated by free hemoglobin, and bind to damage proteins to prevent aggregating in blood vasels. | Haptoglobin |
| The most abundent of the coagulation factors in plasma; forms the fibrin clot. | Fibrinogen |
| Fibrinogen serves to promote aggregation of blood cells and together w/ _______ prevent the spread of microorganisms. | Thrombin |
| It is the principal copper-transporting protein in humn plasma (attaches 6 cupric ions to the molecule) | Ceruloplasmin |
| Ceruloplasmin acts as feroxydaze; realising ions from feritin to________ | transferrin |
| Massive increase of copper in the tissue causes __________ disease. | Willson's genetic disease |
| WBC participate in the process of phagocytosis and are known as _________ | the myeloid line |
| What cells contribute to the proces of natural immunity? | mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells |
| What cells contribute to the process of aquired immunity response? | lymphocytes |
| PMN leucocyte are 50 to 70% of all WBC; some are found attached to the wall vasels others travel freely in the blood (6-10 h);have large nr. of granules (primary, secondary and tertiary). | PMN = plymorphoneutrophilic---neutrophils |
| myeloperoxidase, elastaze, proteinase 3, lysozyme, cathepsin G, defensines are primary granules called___________ | azurophilic granules-neutrophil |
| ___________ granules are characterized by the presence of collagenase, lactoferin, lysozyme, reduced NADPH, and other membrane proteins. | Secondary granules-neutrophils |
| __________ granules contain gelatinase and plasminogen activator. | Tertiary granules-neutrophils |
| Acid hydrolase are found in separate compartiments called_------- | Lysosomes |
| What mekes the neutrophils stick to the vessels wall? | selectins |
| Once in the tissue neutrophils have a life span of____ | 5 days |
| It is found in the blood 1-3% and # increases in an allergic reaction or parasitic infections | Eosinophils |
| Primary granules contain acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase while_____________ contain: eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil peroxidaze, eos-derived neurtoxin; also lack digestive enzymes. | eosinophil-specific granules |
| Most important role of the _________ is to neutralize neutrophils and mast cells products and kill certain parazites | eosinolphil |
| What WBC contain histamin, heparin and eosinophil chemotactc factor A; and function in inducing and maintaining hypersensitivity reactions. | Basophil |
| ________ is a vasoactive amine that contracts smooth muscle; and ________ is an anticoagulant | histamine; heparin |
| What antibody imunoglobulin is formed in allergic reactions and binds to basophils and mast cells? | IgE |
| Basophilic granules lack ________ enzymes; but have perozidase enzyme | hydrolitic |
| _______ are conective tissue cells of mesenchymal origin and have along life span (9-18 mo). | mast cells |
| Mast cells garnules contain acid and alkaline phosphatase, and _________ | protease |
| It is the largest WBC and contain 2 types of granules. One has-peroxdase, acid phosphataze and arylsulphatase (similar to lysosome of neutrophils). The second types hasbeta-glucuronidase, lysozyme,lypase but no alkaline phosphatase. | Monocytes |
| Monocytes stay in the blood for 70 h than they migrate to the tissue and become ______ | macrophages |
| The process of he Macrophage to travel through the tissue is called_______ | amoeboid action |
| Macrophages in the lungs are called_________ | alveolar macrophages |
| Macrophages in the liver are called________ | Kuffer cells |
| Macrophages in the brain are called_________ | microglial cells |
| Macrophages in connective tissues is called________ | histiocytes |
| What system plays an important role in initiating and regulating the immune response. | monocyte-macrophages system |
| What chemical messangers are released by T lymphocites during the immune responce? | Cytokines |
| Macrophages function include: microbial killing, tumoricidal activity, intracellular parasite eradication, phagocytosis, secretion of cell mediators, and_________ | antigen presentation |
| _________ capture the antigen in the tissue by phagocytosis, migrate to the blood and to the lymphoid organs where they prezent antigen to T lymphocite to iniciate the accuired immune response. | dendritic cells |
| How are called dendridic cell found on skin and mucous membrane. | Langerhans cells |
| The most phagocytic cell in the tissue is _______ | Dendritic cell |
| What protein is discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila, and play an importan antifungal immunity in adult fly. | Toll |
| The highest concentration of _______ receptors occures on macrophages, monocites and neutrophils | Tol-like receptors (TLR); enhance natural immunity |
| TLR2 recognizes teichoic acid and peptidoglicans found in ________ bacteria; TLR4 recognaizes lypopolisacharide found in ________ bacteria. | Gram-positive bacteria; gram-negative bacteria; |
| the overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent is known as______ | inflamation (both humoral and cellular mechanism involved) |
| During Acute Inflamation Neutrophils are mobilized within________ | 30 to 60 min |
| First succesful vaccination against small pox | Edward Jenner |
| Discovered the attenuated vaccine | Louis Pasteur |
| Identified the phagocytic cells as part of cellular immunity | Mitchicoff |
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