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Year 8 Rock Cycle
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Weathering | Breakdown of rocks and other minerals caused by rain, tree roots, wind, animals activities, etc. (There are physical, chemical and biological) |
| Erosion | Movement of rocks to another area |
| Deposition | Rocks and soil being dropped off onto the ground in layers |
| Compaction | Layers being compressed by the pressure of upper layers |
| Cementation | This is from dissolved minerals crystallising, gluing sediments together |
| Solidification | The process in which a liquid turns into a solid. In the rock cycle this is when the magma turns into an igneous rocks, through cooling and crystallisation. |
| Burial | Rocks that end up underground due to the deposition of sediments rock time (layers) |
| Heat | Comes from the magma within the Earth's crust |
| Pressure | Comes from the rocks above compacting sediments together, causing changes in the physical structure |
| Extrusive Igneous Rocks | Magma cooling above the Earth's surface, causing the cooling process to be faster making smaller crystals |
| Intrusive Igneous Rocks | Magma cooling below the Earth's surface, causing the cooling to be slower making larger crystals |
| Igneous Rocks | Rocks that are formed by the cooling an solidification of magma |
| Sedimentary Rocks | The weathering and erosion of sediments being deposited onto the ground. This makes layers called beds, which are compacted and cemented, forming Sedimentary rocks |
| Metamorphic Rocks | Formed by the extreme heat and pressure of other rocks inside the Earth. They have interlocking crystals formed form the recrystallisaion of partially of melted rocks. |
| Rock Cycle | Ingoing process of the formation and destruction of rocks |
| Magma | Hot molten rock below the Earth's surface |
| Fossils | Remains of animals or plants preserved in a rock |
| Crystallisation | Magma cooling either below or above the surface turning into a rock |
| Recrystallisation | Partially melted rocks are under high heat and pressure, it cools then solidifies into a metamorphic rock |
| Minerals | Naturally occurring solid substance with its own chemical composition, structure and properties |
| Cleavage | Splits along definite planes |
| Lustre | Shine of the surface of a mineral, there are metallic or nonmetallic |
| Streak | The streaking of mineral leaving a powder. The powder is the true colour of the rocks. However, streak won't work on a rock of a hardness greater than 7 |
| Hardness | A mineral's resistance to a streak, telling how compacted the sediments are |
| Grains | Small rock particles, the grain size can be used to identify the type of rocks |
| Layers | Layers are used to tell how the rock is formed. |
| Crystals | Small pieces of particles that are organised that have smooth sides and sharp edges. |
| Colour | Tells what chemical makes up the rock |
| Examples of Igneous Rocks | Granite, Pumice basalt, bluestones, scoria, obsidian |
| Examples of Sedimentary Rocks | Sandstones, limestones, chalk, coal |
| Stalagmites | Form when limestone rocks are dissolved by acids in the water. Stalagmites grow from bottom to ceiling (the 'might' reach the ceiling) |
| Stalactites | Form when limestones rocks dissolved by acids in the water. Stalactites grow from the ceiling to the bottom (they need to hold on 'tight') |
| Clastic Sedimentary Rocks | Weathering and erosion of sediments, then being deposited into layers called beds. The layers are then compacted by upper layers and cemented by the help of rain evaporating. |
| Organic Sedimentary Rocks | Are formed exactly the same as clastic sedimentary rocks, but dead plants and/or plants are compacted and cemented. |
| Chemical Sedimentary Rocks | Form when water evaporates leaving behind solid substances, such as salt. When water evaporates the crystal becomes larger as more chemical bond together. |
| Foliated Metamorphic Rocks | They have distinct banding. The banding is formed from the pressure causing partially melted rocks to line up in the same direction |
| Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks | Do not have distinct bands, there are no pressure on the partially melted rocks |
| Ore | A mineral or combination of minerals made out of useful substances such as iron or coal |
| Mining | The extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth (e.g., orebody, reef, seam, etc). It requires obtaining non-renewable resources that cannot be grown agriculturally or artificially in the lab. |
| What Can 'iron' used for? | Heavy machinery and food containers |
| What can 'limestones' be used for? | Concrete and roads |
| What can 'aluminum' be used for? | Cans and foil |
| What can 'copper' be used for? | electricity and electrical generators |
| What can 'silver' be used for? | coins and mirrors |
| What can 'Gold' be used for? | coins and electronics |
| What can 'nickel' be used for | batteries and wires |
| Strategic Metals and Minerals | We depend on about 800 metal and minerals, 18 are considered rare and short in supply and most we cannot reproduce. |
| Prospecting (obtaining minerals commodities) | finding places where ore occurs |
| Mine exploration and development (obtaining minerals commodities) | learning whether ore can be extracted economically |
| Mining (obtaining minerals commodities) | extracting ore from the ground |
| Beneficiation (obtaining minerals commodities) | Separating ore minerals from other rocks |
| what is 'sand' used for? | glass and bricks |
| smelting and refining | extracting pure minerals that are useful from the ore mineral |
| Transportation | carrying the minerals to the market |
| Marketing and sales | finding buyers and selling the minerals |
| What is surface mining? | Scooping ore from the surface of the Earth. Cheaper and less environmental destruction. |
| What is subsurface mining? | Using shafts to dig up ore that buried deep into the ground. Expensive and more environmental destruction. |
| Open pit mining | overlaying materials is removed using big machines, these mining pit is wide and deep. It is a surface mining. |
| Strip mining | Similar to the open pit mining but not as deep with the same environmental destruction. (surface mining) |
| Dredging | sand is removed from the bottom of the ocean, this a restore a beach after a hurricane, but it destroys the benthic environment. (subsurface mining) |
| Fracking | refers to the procedure of injecting fluid into cracks of rocks to make them wider in order to create fractures in rocks and the formation. More oil and gas can flow out and into the wellbore, where it can be extracted |
| Mine Adit | An underground mine entrance that is horizontal or almost. It serves as a portal for draining out water and for tunnel ventilation |
| Shaft Mining | Method of digging a vertical or almost vertical tunnel from top down without using the bottom. When the top of the excavation is the ground surface, it is known as a shaft. When the top of the excavation is underground, its called a winze or a sub-shaft. |
| Drift mining | horizontal access tunnels |
| Slope mining | uses a diagonally sloping access shafts |
| Examples of Health Problems in mining | Mine collapsing, fire, heavy metal poisoning, inhaling too much dust, etc |
| Examples of environmental destruction in mining | gapping holes in the ground, making acid mine drainage, draining by rivers and lakes and water leaking into mine shafts |
Created by:
GemmaK
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