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Bio 12- unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| carbohydrates' functions | short-term energy storage, structural role in woody organisms & play a role in cell-to-cell recognition |
| carbs molecule ratio | 2:1 (hydrogen to oxygen) |
| carbs empirical formula | CH2O |
| monosaccharide | 3-7 carbon atoms --> glucose (hexagonal), fructose (pentagonal), galactose (hexagonal) |
| disaccharide | two monosaccharides joined together through dehydration reaction |
| disaccharide --> sucrose | glucose + fructose |
| disaccharide --> lactose | glucose + galactose |
| disaccharide --> maltose | glucose + glucose |
| polysaccharides | long polymers that contain many glucose subunits |
| polysaccharides --> starch | ready storage forms of glucose in plants; polymers could be up to 4,000 glucose units but fewer side branches |
| polysaccharides --> glycogen | ready storage forms of glucose in animals |
| liver | stores glucose as glycogen and releases glucose to maintain 0.1% of blood glucose concentration |
| amylose | contain up to 1000 glucose units which bend in a helix or coil |
| amylopectin | 1000-6000 glucose subunits with short branching chains |
| polysaccharides --> cellulose | structural component of plant cell walls; has different type of linkage with alternating position of oxygen atoms in the linked glucose units; fibre |
| polysaccharides --> chitin | structural component of cells in the exoskeleton of crabs and related animals |
| inorganic molecules | nonliving matter |
| organic molecules | molecules of life; always contain carbon and hydrogen |
| carbon atom | 4 outer shell electrons; shares electrons with 4 other atoms to complete 8 electrons in outer shell |
| functional group | particular cluster of atoms that always behave in a certain way |
| monomer | simple organic molecule that exists individually; monosaccharide, amino acid, nucleotide |
| polymer | monomers linked up together; carbs, protein, nucleic acid |
| dehydration reaction | an OH (hydroxyl group) and H (hydrogen atom)=H2O are removed from monomers to make polymers |
| hydrolysis reaction | macromolecules are broken down where H+ and OH- are added to ends of monomers |
| acids | molecules that dissociate in water, releasing H+ (0-6 in pH) |
| acidic solutions | lemon, vinegar, tomato juice, coffee; sharp/sour taste |
| bases | molecules that either take up H+ or release OH- (8-14 in pH) |
| basic solutions | milk of magnesia, ammonia; bitter taste and slippery in water |
| litmus test | test for acids (blue-red) and bases (red-blue) |
| pH of 7 | neutral state; H+ and OH- are equal |
| buffer | chemical/s that keep pH within normal limits; resists pH changes as they can take up excess H+ or OH- |
| carbonic acid | H2CO3 |
| bicarbonate ion | HCO3 - |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | stores genetic info; replicates & transmits info when a cell & organism reproduces; codes for order of amino acids |
| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | conveys DNA's instructions |
| DNA and RNA | polymers of nucleotides; phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogen-containing base |
| bases | A&T (U for rna) and G&C |
| nucleic strand | linear molecule of nucleotide with a backbone of phosphate-sugar and bases projecting to one side of the backbone |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | energy carrier in cells; usable energy for chemical reactions as glucose has too much; high-energy molecule with last 2 unstable and easily broken phosphate groups |
| polarity of water | electrons spend more time circling the larger oxygen atom than the smaller hydrogen atoms; the electrons impart a slight negative charge to the oxygen and a positive charge to the hydrogen |
| hydrogen bonds | dotted lines as they are relatively weak and can be broken easily; occurs when a covalently bonded hydrogen is positive anf attracted to a negatively charged atom |
| properties of water #1 | water is a liquid at room temperature and above until 100c; is liquid even with a low molecular mass due to hydrogen bonding |
| properties of water #2 | universal solvent for polar molecules |
| properties of water #3 | water molecules are cohesive and fills vessels such as blood vessels; cling together due to hydrogen bonding; excellent transport medium as allows stuff to be evenely distributed in the system |
| properties of water #4 | temperature of water rises and falls slowly due to hydrogen bonds; good absorber of heat; |
| properties of water #5 | water has a high heat of vaporization, keeping body from overheating |
| properties of water #6 | frozen water is less dense than liquid water as when water cools, the molecules come closer together; densest at 4c; freezes from top to bottom protecting the water belowe from freezing |
| lipids | contain more energy per gram than any other biomolecules; don't dissolve in water; neutral |
| fats | of animal origin; solid at room temp.; used for long-term energy storage, insulation, cushion around major organs |
| oils | of plant origin; liquid at room temp. |
| fats and oils (triglyceride/neutral fat) | 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids |
| emulsifier | can cause fats to mix with water; contain nonpolar end that projects inward to oil droplet and polar ends project outward |
| when gallbladder is removed... | trouble digesting fatty foods b/c this organ stores bile for emulsifying fats |
| fatty acid | hydrocarbon chain (16-18 C) that ends with acidic group -COOH |
| saturated fatty acids | no covalent bonds between carbon atoms; maximum # of hydrogen; solid at room temp. |
| unsaturated fatty acids | have double bonds; liquid at room temp |
| phospholipids structure | fat-like structure but has phosphate group w/ phosphate and nitrogen in place of 3rd fatty acids; polar head + nonpolar tails |
| phospholipids function | primary components of cellular membranes; form a bilayer in which the hydrophilic heads face outward and tails forms the hydrophobic interior |
| steroids | have a backbone of 4-fused carbon rings |
| cholesterol | component of animal cell's plasma membrane and precursor of several other steroids (bile, sex hormones) |
| protein functions pt. 1 | -structural (keratin) makes up hair and nails; (collagen) support ligaments, tendons and skin -contractile (actin & myosin) account for movement of cells and muscle contraction -signaling (hormones) -transport (hemoglobin) transports oxygen in blood |
| protein functions pt. 2 | -defense (antibodies) combine w/ foreign substances to prevent destruction of cells and upsetting homeostasis -storage (energy for developing embryos) -enzymes --> speed up chemical reaction |
| proteins | polymers with amino acid monomers |
| amino acid | has central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three groups: amino group (-NH2), acidic group (-COOH), and R-group |
| polypeptide | single chain of amino acids |
| peptide bonds | bond that joins any 2 amino acids |
| polarity of peptide bond | atoms associated w/ a peptide bond-O, C, N, H-share electrons in such a way that the oxygen has a partial negative charge and hydrogen has a partial positive charge |
| bonds for protein structures | -primary-peptide bond -secondary-hydrogen bond -tertiary bond-disulfide bond (or covalent/ionic/hydrogen) |
| primary structure | linear sequence of amino acids |
| secondary structure | polypeptide takes on a certain orientation in space (alpha helix, pleated sheets shape) |
| tertiary structure | final 3-d dimensional shape |
| quaternary structure | for proteins w/ +1 polypeptides |
| denaturation | irreversible change in shape after being exposed to extremes in heat and pH or metabolic poisons |
| matter | anything that takes up space and has weight; can be solid, liquid or gas |
| element | one of the basic building blocks of matter; only 92 naturally occuring elements |
| CHNOPS | carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur; makes up about 98% of organism's body weight |
| atoms | smallest unit of matter (tiny particles in elements) |
| subatomic particles | protons (+) 1 atomic mass unit, electrons (-) 1 atomic mass unit, neutron (no charge) almost no mass |
| neutral atom | equal # of protons and electrons |
| central nucleus | where protons and neutrons are located |
| shells | where electrons orbit |
| atomic number | equal to # of its protons |
| atomic mass | # of protons + # of neutrons |
| isotopes | atoms w/ same atomic # but different # of neutrons (diff mass) |
| radioactive isotopes | -used to determine fossil age -used as tracers in biochemical experiments |
| molecule | chemical unit formed when atoms bond w/ each other |
| compound | atoms of different kinds bond w/ each other |
| ionic bonds | bond between positively and negatively charged ions (loses/gains electrons) |
| ion | when atom gains/loses electrons |
| covalent bonds | share electrons instead of gaining/losing |
| double bond | atoms share 2 pairs of electrons |
| triple bond | atoms share 3 pairs of electrons |
Created by:
roro061
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