Question 1

This approach, known as __________,
assumes that we can learn about a system by studying the
function of its parts.

Accepted Answer

REDUCTIONISM

Question 2

The  approach of using an animal model with features that
are favorable for scientific study: For every biological problem there is an organism on which it can be most conveniently studied.

Accepted Answer

August
Krogh principle

Question 3

All cells and many organelles within cells rely on this
potential difference, or ________ , to drive processes
that are needed for survival such as the movement of essential
molecules across membranes

Accepted Answer

MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

Question 4

When morphology or physiology change in direct proportion to body mass, the scaling relationship it is said to be ______ .

Accepted Answer

ISOMETRIC (same meaure)

Question 5

When body shape or physiology changes
disproportionately as body size increases, the relationship is
said to be?

Accepted Answer

ALLOMETRIC (diff. measure)

Question 6

The
term describes the situation
in which a shared underlying trait evolves in the
same way independently in different lineages.

Accepted Answer

PARALLEL EVOLUTION

Question 7

of unrelated taxa toward
similar phenotypes can occur because particular shapes or functions are favored in a specific
environment. The wings of birds and bats and
the eyes of cephalopods and vertebrates provide
clear examples of _____?

Accepted Answer

CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

Question 8

It
allow internal conditions to change when faced with variation in external conditions. For example, the body temperature of a fish will be low in cold water and high in warm
water.

Accepted Answer

CONFORMERS

Question 9

It  maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of the conditions in the external environment. Your body temperature is likely to be approximately
37°C whether you are in a warm room or standing outside on
a very cold day.

Accepted Answer

REGULATORS

Question 10

Animals most often maintain homeostasis using a? . A change in the internal or external
environment provides a stimulus. The stimulus then causes a
response

Accepted Answer

REFLEX CONTROL PATHWAY

Question 11

Animals fine-tune physiological responses by using? : independent regulators that exert
opposite effects on a step or pathway

Accepted Answer

ANTAGONISTIC CONTROLS

Question 12

the response sends a signal
back to the stimulus, reducing the intensity of the stimulus.
when you eat, the incoming food causes the
stomach to swell.  It triggers a reaction, acting
through your brain, to reduce your appetite

Accepted Answer

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

Question 13

The word 
refers to the process of change in response to a controlled environmental variable (usually in a laboratory setting),

Accepted Answer

ACCLIMATION

Question 14

refers to the process of change in response to natural environmental variation

Accepted Answer

ACCLIMAZATION

Question 15

maximize changes in the regulated variable. For example, the muscles in the stomach are normally regulated
However, when a toxin is detected, is triggered to induce forceful contractions that induce vomiting

Accepted Answer

POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

Question 16

the
ability of an organism to alter its phenotype in response to environmental conditions. The term encompasses a wide range of changes in phenotype, some
reversible and some irreversible.

Accepted Answer

PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY

Question 17

When a particular phenotype exists in two or more discrete forms, the change is
referred to as ?

Accepted Answer

POLYPHENISM

Question 18

When the phenotypes are part
of a continuum, the change in phenotype is referred to as ?

Accepted Answer

REACTION NORM

Question 19

Some acquired traits can even be passed on to subsequent
generations via a mechanism called?

Accepted Answer

EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE

Question 20

is the ability to do work

Accepted Answer

ENERGY

Question 21

is energy that is released from an
object and transmitted to another object by waves or
particles. The sun is the most obvious source

Accepted Answer

RADIANT ENERGY

Question 22

is a combination of potential and
kinetic energy that can be used to move objects from place to place

Accepted Answer

MECHANICAL ENERGY

Question 23

is a combination of potential and
kinetic energy that results from the movement of
charged particles down a charge gradient

Accepted Answer

ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Question 24

y is a form of kinetic energy that is
reflected in the movement of particles, and serves
to increase temperature.

Accepted Answer

THERMAL ENERGY

Question 25

y is a form of potential energy that
is held within the bonds of chemical structures. It is
important in all metabolic reactions, including transport processes such as ion pumping.

Accepted Answer

CHEMICAL ENERGY

Question 26

Transmembrane gradients
are often discussed as?

Accepted Answer

ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENTS

Question 27

are those in which the
free energy is greater in P than S, and the forward direction
does not occur spontaneously. In either scenario, the unfavored direction can occur, but the favored direction occurs
at a much higher frequency

Accepted Answer

ENDERGONIC REACTION

Question 28

are strong bonds that are formed when two
atoms share electrons.

Accepted Answer

COVALENT BONDS

Question 29

The weak interaction between
the two dipoles is the

Accepted Answer

van der Waals force

Question 30

At the interface between air and water, the attraction between
water molecules creates a force called

Accepted Answer

SURFACE TENSION

Question 31

if the cell were
placed in a solution containing only urea, the movement of
urea into the cell, combined with the high internal salt concentration, would draw water into the cell, causing it to swell
or even burst; this is a

Accepted Answer

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION

Question 32

An enzymatic reaction begins with the substrate binding at a specific location called the

Accepted Answer

ACTIVE SITE

Question 33

Adjacent cells can communicate
via direct contact between extracellular matrix and membrane proteins, in a process termed juxtacrine communication, or through channels called _____ that span
the membranes of two adjacent cells

Accepted Answer

GAP JUNCTIONS

Question 34

cause a response within the target cell

Accepted Answer

SIGNAL TRANSLUCATION PATHWAYS

Question 35

Chemical messengers can travel from a signaling cell to
nearby target cells by diffusion in a process called

Accepted Answer

PARACRINE

Question 36

These messengers can even affect the signaling cell, in a process called?

Accepted Answer

AUTOCRINE

Question 37

For long-distance cell-to-cell communication, animals
use the ________ and the ______?

Accepted Answer

ENDCRINE SYSTEM and NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 38

Types of Cell Signaling (4)

Accepted Answer

- Direct Signaling, Autocrine and Paracrine Signaling, Endocrine Signaling,  and Neural Signaling

Question 39

These endocrine messengers are called ?

Accepted Answer

HORMONES

Question 40

electrical signal can be directly transferred to an adjacent
cell via gap junctions, but in many neurons, the electrical
signal results in the release of a chemical messenger called ? hat diffuses to the target cell over a
very short distance.

Accepted Answer

NUEROTRANSMITTER

Question 41

There are also some neurons that release their neurotransmitters into the circulation. In this case
the signaling molecule is called a ?

Accepted Answer

NEUROHORMONE

Question 42

When this inter-individual communication occurs
between members of the same species, the chemical messengers are termed ?

Accepted Answer

PHEROMONES

AniPhy Lec 1-3

Physiology, Cell Signaling and Endocrine Regulation, and Neurons

Question	Answer
This approach, known as __________, assumes that we can learn about a system by studying the function of its parts.	REDUCTIONISM
The approach of using an animal model with features that are favorable for scientific study: For every biological problem there is an organism on which it can be most conveniently studied.	August Krogh principle
All cells and many organelles within cells rely on this potential difference, or ________ , to drive processes that are needed for survival such as the movement of essential molecules across membranes	MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
When morphology or physiology change in direct proportion to body mass, the scaling relationship it is said to be ______ .	ISOMETRIC (same meaure)
When body shape or physiology changes disproportionately as body size increases, the relationship is said to be?	ALLOMETRIC (diff. measure)
The term describes the situation in which a shared underlying trait evolves in the same way independently in different lineages.	PARALLEL EVOLUTION
of unrelated taxa toward similar phenotypes can occur because particular shapes or functions are favored in a specific environment. The wings of birds and bats and the eyes of cephalopods and vertebrates provide clear examples of _____?	CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
It allow internal conditions to change when faced with variation in external conditions. For example, the body temperature of a fish will be low in cold water and high in warm water.	CONFORMERS
It maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of the conditions in the external environment. Your body temperature is likely to be approximately 37°C whether you are in a warm room or standing outside on a very cold day.	REGULATORS
Animals most often maintain homeostasis using a? . A change in the internal or external environment provides a stimulus. The stimulus then causes a response	REFLEX CONTROL PATHWAY
Animals fine-tune physiological responses by using? : independent regulators that exert opposite effects on a step or pathway	ANTAGONISTIC CONTROLS
the response sends a signal back to the stimulus, reducing the intensity of the stimulus. when you eat, the incoming food causes the stomach to swell. It triggers a reaction, acting through your brain, to reduce your appetite	NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
The word refers to the process of change in response to a controlled environmental variable (usually in a laboratory setting),	ACCLIMATION
refers to the process of change in response to natural environmental variation	ACCLIMAZATION
maximize changes in the regulated variable. For example, the muscles in the stomach are normally regulated However, when a toxin is detected, is triggered to induce forceful contractions that induce vomiting	POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
the ability of an organism to alter its phenotype in response to environmental conditions. The term encompasses a wide range of changes in phenotype, some reversible and some irreversible.	PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY
When a particular phenotype exists in two or more discrete forms, the change is referred to as ?	POLYPHENISM
When the phenotypes are part of a continuum, the change in phenotype is referred to as ?	REACTION NORM
Some acquired traits can even be passed on to subsequent generations via a mechanism called?	EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE
is the ability to do work	ENERGY
is energy that is released from an object and transmitted to another object by waves or particles. The sun is the most obvious source	RADIANT ENERGY
is a combination of potential and kinetic energy that can be used to move objects from place to place	MECHANICAL ENERGY
is a combination of potential and kinetic energy that results from the movement of charged particles down a charge gradient	ELECTRICAL ENERGY
y is a form of kinetic energy that is reflected in the movement of particles, and serves to increase temperature.	THERMAL ENERGY
y is a form of potential energy that is held within the bonds of chemical structures. It is important in all metabolic reactions, including transport processes such as ion pumping.	CHEMICAL ENERGY
Transmembrane gradients are often discussed as?	ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENTS
are those in which the free energy is greater in P than S, and the forward direction does not occur spontaneously. In either scenario, the unfavored direction can occur, but the favored direction occurs at a much higher frequency	ENDERGONIC REACTION
are strong bonds that are formed when two atoms share electrons.	COVALENT BONDS
The weak interaction between the two dipoles is the	van der Waals force
At the interface between air and water, the attraction between water molecules creates a force called	SURFACE TENSION
if the cell were placed in a solution containing only urea, the movement of urea into the cell, combined with the high internal salt concentration, would draw water into the cell, causing it to swell or even burst; this is a	HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
An enzymatic reaction begins with the substrate binding at a specific location called the	ACTIVE SITE
Adjacent cells can communicate via direct contact between extracellular matrix and membrane proteins, in a process termed juxtacrine communication, or through channels called _____ that span the membranes of two adjacent cells	GAP JUNCTIONS
cause a response within the target cell	SIGNAL TRANSLUCATION PATHWAYS
Chemical messengers can travel from a signaling cell to nearby target cells by diffusion in a process called	PARACRINE
These messengers can even affect the signaling cell, in a process called?	AUTOCRINE
For long-distance cell-to-cell communication, animals use the ________ and the ______?	ENDCRINE SYSTEM and NERVOUS SYSTEM
Types of Cell Signaling (4)	- Direct Signaling, Autocrine and Paracrine Signaling, Endocrine Signaling, and Neural Signaling
These endocrine messengers are called ?	HORMONES
electrical signal can be directly transferred to an adjacent cell via gap junctions, but in many neurons, the electrical signal results in the release of a chemical messenger called ? hat diffuses to the target cell over a very short distance.	NUEROTRANSMITTER
There are also some neurons that release their neurotransmitters into the circulation. In this case the signaling molecule is called a ?	NEUROHORMONE
When this inter-individual communication occurs between members of the same species, the chemical messengers are termed ?	PHEROMONES

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