Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
The Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neurotransmitters are | chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a SYNAPSE |
| Neuromodulators are | several classes of neurotransmitters regulating diverse populations of neurons (histamine) |
| Autocrine | same cell type/acts locally (prostaglandins) not transported in the blood |
| Paracrine | other cell types/ acts locally (somatostatin) not transported in the blood |
| Endocrine | transported by blood to target cells |
| Neurohormones | Hormones produced by neurons. Secreted into the circulatory system (blood) |
| Pheromones | secreted into the environment (no documentation in humans) |
| How do you distinguish a hormone from another type of chemical messenger? | A hormone is transported through the blood and secreted into the circulatory system. Other chemical messengers are sent across a synapse. |
| What is the difference between a neurohormone and a neurotransmitter? | A neurohormone is a hormone produced by a neuron. A neurotransmitter sends signals across a synapse. |
| The endocrine system contains | glands that secrete chemical signals into the circulatory system. |
| Chemical signals from the endocrine system (hormones) influence | tissues that are separated from the endocrine glands |
| Ligands are | chemical signals |
| Hormone characteristics include | -produced in small quantities -secreted into intercellular space (around cells) -acts on target tissue |
| Nervous vs Endocrine System: Similarities | 1. both systems associated with the brain (Hypothalamus and Epithalamus) 2.may use same chemical messenger as neurotransmitter and hormone (epinephrine) 3.two systems are cooperative |
| Nervous System vs Endocrine System: Differences | 1.Mode of transport: Axon(NS)- Blood(ES) 2.Speed of response: instant (NS)- delayed (ES) 3.Duration of response: Milliseconds/seconds(NS)- Minutes/days (ES) 4.Amplitude vs. Frequency |
| A long half life | constant rate through time (lipid soluble)- travel in plasma attached to proteins |
| A short half life | rapid onset and short duration (water soluble hormones)- dissolve in blood |
| Hormones dissolve in | blood plasma and are transported in unbound or are reversibly bound to plasma proteins |
| Chronic hormone regulation is | constant concentration of hormone (Thyroid Hormone T3+T4) |
| Acute hormone regulation is | in response to stress or as needed |
| Episodic (Cyclic) hormone regulation is | Female reproductive hormones |
| Most hormones are controlled by what feedback system? | negative feedback systems |
| Most hormones (are/are not) secreted at a constant rate? | ARE NOT |
| Hormone secretion is regulated by what 3 methods? | 1.Humoral control 2.Neural control 3.Hormonal control |
| Humoral control | (Action of a substance other than a hormone on an edocrine gland/ control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood) |
| Neural control | (nervous system directly stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones) |
| Hormonal control | (refers to the release of hormones in response to hormones released by other endocrine glands.) |
| The adrenal medulla secretes | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Structural Category: Proteins | Prolactin Insulin Growth Hormone(GH) |
| Structural Category: Amino Acid Derivatives | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (Water Soluble) Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4) and Melatonin (Lipid Soluble) |
| Structural Category: Glycoproteins (protein and carbohydrate) | Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
| Structural Category: Lipids (Steroids -cholesterol is a precursor for all) | Progestins (progesterone) Estrogens Testosterone Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) Glucocorticoids (cortisol) |
| Water soluble hormones do not require a ____________ to transport through the blood. | carrier molecule |
| Lipid soluble hormones NEED a _____ to transport through blood | carrier molecule |
| Water soluble hormones bind to _______________ on the ___________. | membrane bound receptors / outside of plasma membrane |
| Water soluble hormones cannot _____ across the ________. Because they are too ___________. | diffuse / plasma membrane / hydrophilic |
| Water soluble hormones mechanism of action is | a biochemical reaction/response (premade) |
| Water soluble hormones speed of action is _________. | FAST |
| Water soluble hormones have a ____________ half life. | shorter |
| Lipid soluble hormones bind to ________ in the _______. | Nuclear receptors / Nucleus |
| Lipid soluble hormones can _____ across the __________. | diffuse / plasma membrane |
| Lipid soluble hormones mechanism of action is _________. | protein synthesis (transcription and translation) |
| Lipid soluble hormones speed of action is _________. | SLOW |
| Lipid soluble hormones have a ____________ half life. | longer |
| Lipid soluble hormones take longer for an effect but effect is _________. | long lasting (has to make a protein as a response) |
| Lipid soluble hormones can pass through ________ tissue. | epithelial |
| Which hormone is faster and why? (Water Soluble or Lipid Soluble) | Water soluble is faster because its already made for us (biochemical process) Lipid soluble hormone is slower because it has to create a protein |
| Why is the receptor for water soluble hormones on the outside of the cell membrane? | |
| Down regulation | a decrease in the number of hormone receptors in response to increased hormone levels (creates less sensitivity) |
| Up- Regulation | an increase in the number of hormone receptors in response to increased hormone levels |
| Hormones can be removed from the blood in 4 ways: | 1. Excretion 2. Metabolism 3. Active Transport (ATP) 4. Conjugation in liver ( Higher excretion rate due to hormone being more water soluble) |
| The hypothalamus regulates secretions of the _____________. | Anterior Pituitary |
| The posterior pituitary is a ______ of the hypothalamus. (via the infundibulum) | extension |
| The anterior pituitary produces #__ major hormones. | 9 |
| Posterior Pituitary (_____________) | neurohypophysis (nervous tissue) |
| Anterior Pituitary (_____________) | adenohypophysis |
| A portal system is a connection of ________ _______. | blood vessels |
| The Posterior Pituitary ONLY _________ and _________. It does NOT ______. | stores and releases/ produce |
| Axons of the hypothalamus extend into the _____ _________. | posterior pituitary |
| The anterior pituitary consists of a _______ system. | hypophyseal portal system |
| The posterior pituitary consists of a _____. (bundle of axons) | hypothalamohypophysial tract |
| The posterior pituitary gland stores: | ADH- Anti Diuretic hormone ( vasopressin) Oxytocin (released due to newborn suckling) |
| Hormones of the Hypothalamus include: | Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Prolactin Releasing (PRH) / Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) |
| "Releasing" means hormones from the ___________? | hypothalamus |
| Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Include: | Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Prolactin Growth Hormone (GH) |
| "Stimulating" or "tropic" means hormones from the _________? | anterior pituitary |
| Posterior Pituitary hormones stored include: | Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Vasopressin Oxytocin |
| Prolactin | milk production in lactating women |
| Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex (outer part of adrenal glands) Include: | Mineralocorticoids- Zona Glomerulosa (Aldosterone) Glucocorticoids-Zona Fasciculata (Cortisol: major hormone) Androgens- Zona Reticularis |
| Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla (inside of adrenal glands) Include: | Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | increases renal water reabsorption/ increases BP |
| Oxytocin | stimulates uterine/breast contractions (childbirth, milk let down) |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | Follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in ovaries/ sperm cell production in testes |
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | Ovulation and progesterone productionin ovaries/ testosterone synthesis and support for sperm cell production in testes |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | stimulates the adrenal cortex |
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroxine (T3 and T4) |
| Prolactin | Milk production in lactating women |
| Growth Hormone (GH) | stimulates uptake of amino acids/ protein synthesis/ stimulates growth and developement of epiphyseal plates in bones |
| Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) | |
| Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) causes the release of | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) causes | 1. cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex -(glucocorticoid= zona faciculata) 2. aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex -(mineralcorticoid= zona glomerulosa) 3. binds directly to melanocytes (increase in melanin production) |
| TRH from the hypothalamus causes the release of ________ from the anterior pituitary. | TSH |
| Release of TSH from ant pit. causes secretion and storage of hormones ___ and ____. | T3 and T4 |
| T3 and T4 _____ TRH and TSH secretion. | inhibit |
| T3 stands for | Triiodothyronine |
| T4 stands for | Tetraiodothyronine or Thyroxine |
| 33-40% of T4 is converted to _____ making it more potent. | T3 |
| Thyroid hormones regulate | BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) *Metabolism |
| Process of Hormonal Control | Hypothalamus- TRH Anterior Pituitary- TSH Thyroid- T3 and T4 |
| A Goiter is | enlargement of thyroid gland |
| Parafollicular cells- Calcitonin (_______ blood calcium) | lowers |
| Calcitonin secretion is triggered by | high ca2+ concentration in the blood |
| Calcitonin______ osteoclast activity (lengthens lifespan of ________) | decreases/ osteoblasts |
| Parathyroid glands secrete | PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) |
| Parathyroid glands are embedded in the _________. | thyroid gland |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) secretion is triggered by | low ca2+ concentration in the blood |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) _______ blood calcium and ________ levels. It then stimulates ____________. | increases/ phosphate. Osteoclasts |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) targets | bone, kidneys and intestines |
| Testosterone | |
| Hormones of the testes include: | Testosterone |
| Hormones of the Ovaries include: | Estrogen and Progesterone |
| Basis for all steroid hormones is ______. | Cholesterol |
| The pancreas is a part of both the ______ system and ________ system. | Endocrine/ Exocrine |
| In terms of Exocrine Gland, the pancreas produces | pancreatic digestive juices |
| In terms of Endocrine Gland, the pancreas consists of | pancreatic islets |
| The pancreas is composed of | Alpha cells (secrete glucagon) Beta cells (secrete insulin) Delta cells (secrete somatostatin) |
| Alpha cells secrete | Glucagon |
| Beta cells Secrete | Insulin |
| The pineal gland (in epithalamus) produces | melatonin |
| The thymus stimulates __________. | Immune System Cells (T lymphocytes) |
| The thymus produces___________. | thymosin |
| Ovaries in the female include what hormones? | Estrogen and Progesterone |
| Gonadotropins include both _______ and ________. | Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) |
| Gonads produce | gonadal hormones |
| Gonadal Hormones are | Estrogen and Testosterone |
| The Thyroid gland produces | T3 and T4/ calcitonin |
| Insulin __________ blood glucose. | decreases (transports extra blood glucose to storage) |
| Glucagon __________ blood glucose. | increases (releases stored glucose) |
Created by:
mcgilla!
Popular Science sets