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AP Biology
Unit 1. Chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nitrogenous base | A nitrogen-containing compound that makes up part of a nucleotide. |
| Purine | In nucleic acids, either of the bases adenine and guanine, which have a double-ring structure. |
| Adenine (A) | A purine base |
| Guanine (G) | A purine base |
| Pyrimidine | In nucleic acids, any of the bases:thymine, cytosine, and uracil, which have a single-ring structure. |
| Thymine (T) | A pyrimidine base. |
| Cytosine (C) | A pyrimidine base. |
| Directionality | An asymmetry such that one end of a structure differs from the other. Also known as polarity. |
| Polarity | An asymmetry such that one end of a structure differs from the other. Also known as directionality. |
| 3’ end | The end of a DNA or RNA molecule that has a free hydroxyl group. By convention, the end is considered the end with the last nucleotide |
| 5’ end | The end of a DNA or RNA molecule that has a free phosphate group. By convention, the end is considered the end with the first nucleotide. |
| Double helix | The structure formed by two strands of complementary nucleotides that coil around each other. |
| Antiparallel | Oriented in opposite directions, like the two strands in a DNA molecule. |
| Complementary | Describes the relationship of purine and pyrimidine bases, in which the base A pairs only with T, and G pairs only with C. |
| Uracil (U) | A pyrimidine base in RNA, where it replaces thymine found in DNA. |
| Peptide bond | The bond between the carboxyl end of an amino acid and the amino end of another amino acid that creates a peptide. |
| Peptide | A molecule made by joining amino acids together by peptide bonds. Peptides may range from as few as two to many hundreds of amino acids linked together. |
| Polypeptide | A polymer of amino acids connected by peptide bonds. |
| Primary structure | The sequence of amino acids in a peptide or a protein. |
| Secondary structure | The structure that results from hydrogen bonding in the polypeptide backbone. Two kinds of secondary structures are the alpha helix (α helix) and the beta sheet (β sheet). |
| Alpha helix (α helix) | One of the two principal types of secondary structure found in proteins. |
| Beta sheet (β sheet) | One of the two principal types of secondary structure found in proteins. |
| Tertiary structure | The three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, usually made up of several secondary structure elements. |
| Quaternary structure | The level of protein structure that arises from the interaction of two or more polypeptide chains or subunits, each with its own tertiary structure. |
| Functional group | A group of one or more atoms that has a particular chemical property on its own, regardless of what it is attached to. |
| Ribose | A pentose sugar commonly found in RNA. |
| Deoxyribose | The pentose sugar component of DNA. |
| Disaccharide | Two simple sugars joined by a covalent bond; an example is sucrose. |
| Polysaccharide | A polymer of simple sugars. Polysaccharides provide long-term energy storage or structural support. |
| Complex carbohydrate | A long, branched chain of monosaccharides. |
| Cell membrane | The membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell, separating the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell; also known as plasma membrane. |
| Plasma membrane | The membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell, separating the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell; also known as cell membrane. |
| Triacylglycerol | A lipid composed of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids. |
| Glycerol | A 3-carbon molecule with hydroxyl groups attached to each carbon; a component of triacylglycerol. |
| Fatty acid | A long chain of carbons attached to a carboxyl group; three fatty acid chains attached to glycerol form a triacylglycerol, a lipid used for energy storage. |
| Saturated | Describes fatty acids that do not contain double bonds; the maximum number of hydrogen atoms is attached to each carbon atom, “saturating” the carbons with hydrogen atoms. |
| Unsaturated | Describes fatty acids that contain carbon–carbon double bonds. |
| Van der Waal force | An interaction of temporarily polarized molecules because of the attraction of opposite charges. |
| Steroid | A type of lipid; the precursor molecule for cholesterol and steroid hormones. |
| Phospholipid | A type of lipid and a major component of the cell membrane. |
| Polar | A molecule that has regions of positive and negative charge. |
| Hydrogen bond | An interaction between a hydrogen atom with a slight positive charge and an electronegative atom of another molecule. In the case of water, hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atom of one water molecule and oxygen atom of another water molecule. |
| Cohesion | Tendency of water molecules to stick to one another due to hydrogen bonding with one another. |
| Adhesion | The tendency of water molecules to stick to other polar or charged molecules. |
| Surface tension | A measure of the difficulty of breaking the surface of a liquid. |
| Specific heat | The amount of heat required per unit mass of a substance to raise the temperature of the mass by 1 degree Celsius. |
| Solvent | A substance that can dissolve another substance. |
| Acid | A molecule that donates ions to a solution. When the concentration of hydrogen ions is greater than the concentration of hydroxide ions, the pH is acidic. |
| Base | A molecule that accepts ions and removes them from solution. When the concentration of hydrogen ions is less than the concentration of hydroxide ions, the solution is basic or alkaline. |
| pH scale | A measure of the acidity of a solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 and is calculated by the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. |
| Dehydration synthesis reaction | A reaction in which a water molecule is released by the two reacting molecules as a new covalent bond is formed between them. Dehydration synthesis reactions build large molecules from smaller subunits. Also called dehydration reaction. |
| Hydrolysis reaction | A reaction that adds water across a covalent bond and breaks the covalent bond. Hydrolysis reactions break down larger molecules into smaller, simpler molecules. |
Created by:
DrStokes
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