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Soils (week 1)
Soils Lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Solum | Horizon O, A, B - B layer has roots |
| Regolith | Horizon O, A, B, C - what has been broken down into smaller minerals above bedrock - C layer is rarely touched |
| Soil air | Atmospheric gasses 1. carbon dioxide 2. oxygen 3. nitrogen |
| Organic matter and biomass | Biosphere - plants, animals, microbes, their products and remains |
| Soil particles | Lithosphere - minerals in rocks, clay, sediments |
| Soil water | Hydrosphere - water dissolved and substances are left |
| 6 main roles of soils | 1. physical support 2. affects flow of water 3. recycles material 4. habitat 5. affects atmosphere 6. engineering medium |
| what does physical support/growth do to soils | - Supports plants and root structure - Supplies water, air, temperature control, nutrients - Protection from toxins - bind unwanted material so other plants can't get |
| What provides the main components for plants | Macro- C02, H2O, O2, Ca, Mg, NH4, K, NO3, HPO4, SO4, SI3O Micro- Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Na, Zn, Bo, Cl |
| How does hydrology affect soils | - Bigger pores allow faster transportations and storage - a way to slow down or speed up the water flow through soil - like a sponge that will slowly release as the environment needs |
| how does the atmosphere affect soils | decomposing matter in he soil releases CO2 |
| how does soil recycle | - used by decomposition - are needs to lack or low oxygen - cold temps and low oxygen slow decomposition |
| Pedosphere's 4 main components | pore space (air and water) minerals 45% organic 5% |
| What does organic matter do | - stabilizes soil - waters - nutrients - carbon is plant food |
| What holds the most water | clay soil holds the most then sandy then silty |
| 4 common issues within soil | 1. erosion 2. salt accumulation 3. organic matter and nutrients depletion 4. oil spills |
| What happens to the pore pace of soils if heavy machinery is being used on it frequently | the pore space will shrink more and more making it harder to absorb and hold water aswell as draining it through |
| Igneous rock | composed of primary minerals formed from cooling magma bigger the dark spots, longer it took to cool |
| dark coloured rocks often contain | iron and magnesium causing them to break down easier |
| intrusive rocks | formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of the planet. - small crystals |
| extrusive rock | formed on the surface of the Earth from lava, which is magma that has emerged from underground. - small crystals |
| sedimentary rock | produced from weathered materials from other rocks - collect and build up under water as it drips and reconsolidates |
| metamorphic rock | other rocks that have changed in some way due to high heat and/or pressure |
| Physical weathering | material breaks down to smaller sizes, but composition remians mostly the same |
| chemical weathering | material releases soluble materials and/or changed composition |
| Physical weathering (temp) | repeated cooling and heating results in expansion and contraction of the rocks and can break the rock if water gets into the cracks |
| physical weathering (abrasion) | water movement over long periods windblown from sand and dust glaciers sliding off rocks |
| chemical weathering (hydration) | water binds to a mineral, thereby changings the composition ex. 5Fe2O3+9H2O -> Fe10O15 x 9H2O |
| Chemical weathering (hydrolysis) | water molecules split into H+ and OH- (H+ often replaces a cation) ex. KAlSi3O8 + H2O <-> HAlSi3O8 + K+ + OH- |
| Chemical weathering (dssolution) | water dissolves the mineral Gypsum dissolving ex. CaSO4 x H2O + H2O <-> Ca+2Soa-2 + 4H2O |
| Chemical weathering (acid reactiooons) | acid that can dissolve the rock ex. Calcite |
| Oxidation | loses an electron |
| reduction | gains an electron |
| Chemical reduction (complexation) | - biological processes produce many acids - H+ solubilizes elements (ex. Al and Si) - organic reactions with elements (removing Al) |
| chemical weathering (oxidaion/reduction) | the loss/gain of an electron may destabilize/change the crystal structure |
Created by:
Alyssa22122
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