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Nutrition 220
Notes for the first midterm of ASCI 220 - Animal Nutrition. Cal Poly SLO.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Digestion is a(n) _______ process. | Catabolic |
| The three processes involved in nutrient digestion are: | Mechanical Forces Chemical Action Enzymatic Activity |
| Purpose of mechanical forces in digestion: | Physical digestion. Decrease particle size. |
| How does Chemical Action work? | HCl in stomach denatures proteins and begins protein digestion. |
| Which of the three digestive processes account for most of the digestive activity? | Enzymatic Activity |
| Nutrient absorption absorbs nutrients into ? | Lymph or blood systems |
| What is the process in which lipids are absorbed by the villus? | 1) Enterocytes package lipids into a form compatible by aqueous environments. 2)Enterocytes secrete into lymph system 3)Lymph system to heart 4) Heart to general systemic blood circulation. |
| What is the main purpose of the villi? | To increase surface area of SI |
| Which of the three monogastrics will have a greater capacity in the LI? | Herbivores |
| What are the five reasons that make cats different from other monogastrics? [These are the reason that cats are true monogastric carnivores] | 1) Higher protein requirement 2) Taurine 3) Vitamin A - cannot convert carotene into Vit A. Animal tissue provides Vit A 4) Cats have greater requirement for vit B6 due to increased protein intake. 5) Cats cannot synthecise sufficient quantity of Niac |
| What is taurine? Function? | It is an Amino Acid synthesized from the AA cyotine Function: 1) Eyesight. A component of opsin 2) Lipid digestion as a component of bile acid taurocholic acid needed to emulsify dietary lipids |
| What are the four main functions of the monogastric stomach? | 1 - Stores ingesta 2 - Muscle contractions aid in mastication and mixing 3 - Begins protein digestion with gastric juices 4 - Secrets enzyme gastric lipase (mainly in nursing animals) |
| What is the aprx pH of HCl? | 2 |
| The HCl in the stomach does what? | Denatures proteins to expose them to enzymatic activity. |
| What does pepsin do? | Converts denatured proteins to polypeptides. |
| What is rennin? | A protease enzyme found in nursing animals. It coagulates casein (a milk protein) and prevents over-rapid passage. |
| Where is the main site of nutrient digestion and absorption? | Small Intestine |
| Three parts of the small intestine: | Duodenum Jejunum Ilium |
| What occurs in the duodenum? | Nutrient digestion and absorption |
| What occurs in the jejunum? | Nutrient digestion and absorption |
| What occurs in the ilium | Mostly nutrient absorption |
| Where does the pancreas secrete pancreatic juices? How? | Into proximal section of SI via the pancreatic duct which merges w/bile duct to form common bile duct. |
| Pancreatic juice contains: (2) | Alkaline buffers Digestive Enzymes |
| The Alkaline buffers in pancreatic juice help do what? | Neutralize acidic chyme entering the SI |
| What three digestive enzymes are present in pancreatic juice? | Carbohydrate digesting enzymes Protease Enzymes Pancreatic Lipid Digesting Enzymes |
| The carbohydrate digesting enzyme Pancreatic Amylase converts _____ into ______. | Starch Maltose |
| The protease enzymes secreted in the pancreatic juice are activated by ________. | Lumen of the gut |
| What four protease compounds convert/break down proteins and large polypeptides into oligopeptide and some pre-amino acids? | Trypsin Chymotrypis Carboxypeptidase Elastase |
| Pancreatic lipase breaks down fat to ______ and ______ ____ ____ _____. | Glycerol 3 Free Fatty Acids |
| Phopholipase A2 breaks down phospholipids to: | Glycerol, Free FAs, phosphate, nitrogen bases |
| Cholesterol esterase does what? | Breaks down cholesterol esters w/fatty acids to absorbable cholesterol and fatty acids. |
| The liver does or does not secrete digestive enzymes? | Does NOT |
| The liver produces and secretes bile stored in the _____ _________ if present. | gall blader |
| Bile secretes into proximal section of _______ via "__________ ________ ________" | Dudenum Common bile duct |
| Most basic purpose of bile is to what? | Make fat miscible w/aqueous intestine fluid |
| Four functions of bile: | 1) Emulsify fat --- fat digestion by increasing surface area 2) Enables absorption of fat soluble nutrients from aqueous env. in SI 3) 4) Bile serves as vehicle for exertion of fat-soluble |
| There are three enzyme classes secreted by SI. What are they? | Proteases Nucleases Carbohydrate Digesting Enzymes |
| Nucleases do what? | Break down nucleic acids to ribose sugar, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate |
| Maltase breaks _______ to _______ Sucrase breaks _____ to ________ & ________ B-Lactase breaks ________ to ________&______. | Maltose to 2 mol Glucose Sucrose to glucose & fructose Lactose to glucose & galactose |
| Four functions of the large intestine (monogastrics) | 1) Reabsorbs water from digesta 2) excretes waste via peristaltic contractions 3) Waste storage 4) Provides favorable environment for microbial fermentation |
| When monosaccharides are fermented, what is produced? | VFAs and gases |
| What does a ruminants saliva contain? (3) | 1) Urea 2) Alkaline buffers (NaHCO3) 3) Mucus |
| What is urea? | A source of nitrogen (amino group) for microbial synthesis of amino acids. |
| In a ruminant the esophagus empties into both the rumen and reticulum. T/F | TRUE |
| The Reticulum has a ______ funnel shape. | Reverse |
| The mucosa of reticulum is lined with _____ _____ arranged in a honey-combed like fashion. | Mucous membranes |
| The main purpose of the mucosa in the reticulum is to... | Retain roughages in rumen/reticulum for enough time to allow microbes to do a complete job in breaking down structural carbs |
| Besides mucosa, four more functions of reticulum: | 1) moves feed into rumen for further microbial action or into omasum for movement to lower GI tract 2) Aids in regurgitation 3) provides ideal env for microbes 4) Absorbs VFAs which are produced by microbes during microbial fermentation |
| What is the TOTAL capacity of a mature cattle's rumen? What is the FUNCTIONAL capacity? | Total: 43 gl Functional: 25 gl |
| 4 purposes of rumen. | Provide ideal enviornment for microbes Absorbs large quantities of VFAS Provides a lot of feed storage capacity Muscle contractions |
| What is the ideal environment for microbes? | Constant warm temp Food and Water Anaerobic environment: 6% oxygen |
| What is the importance of fermentation in rumen? (3) | Synthesize all 8 B-vitamins Microbial synthesis of amino acids and proteins Microbial breakdown of structural CHOs in feeds high in CF |
| The dietary protein that is not digested in the fermentation process in rumen is called..... | Undegraded intake proteins |
| Where is microbial crude protein digested and absorbed? | Lower GI tract |
| What percent of microbial protein and undegraded protein make it to the lower GI tract? | 80% Microbial Protein 20% Undegraded protein |
| _____% of protein absorbed from SI tract is of microbial origin. | 76 |
| Ruminants on a high roughage diet must synthesize all their _______. | Glucose |
| What are the three steps in the breakdown of structural CHOs in feeds high in crude fiber? | Polysaccharides (cellulose) ---> Monosaccharides (glucose) -----> Volitile fatty acids |
| The process in which dietary polysaccharides are converted to monosaccharides is called.... | Microbial CHO digestion |
| the process in which monosaccharides are converted to VFAs is called _______. It releases _____ as an extra product. | Microbial fermentation. Gases |
| The omasum is composed of muscle layers called _____ and is lined with short ______. | Laminae Papillea |
| What are the three functions of the omasum? | 1) Decrease particle size 2) Some H20 and VFA absorbtion 3) Claw shaped papillae act as a sieve to prevent large feed particles from exiting rumen/reticulum |
| The horses upper jaw is ____ than lower jaw. | Wider |
| Horses have a 1-way paristotic mouth->stomach. What does this mean? | They can not regurgitate. |
| In horses, the SI is major site for...? | Nutrient digestion and absorption of readily digestible nutrients. |
| The small intestine of horses does not produce enzymes required to digest structural carbohydrates. True or False? | TRUE |
| The microbial fermentation in the large intestine of the horse is more or less important (on a nutritional standpoint) in comparison to carnivoes/omnivores. | MORE |
| The large intestine of a horse accounts for ____% of total GIT capacity. | 2/3rds |
| If horses are fed a high roughage diet, VFAS supply aprx ___% of their total digestible energy. | 70% |
| Even though microbes synthesize all 8 B-vitamins and vitamin K in horses, why is there a limited value for use by the horse? | They are made after the small intestine. |
| What are three notable vitamins made by the horse's microbes that are actually useful to the horse? | -Limited quantity of thiamin (aprx 25%) - Biotin (almost all of requirement) -vitamin K (aprx 50%) |
| _____ can derive more nutritional value from high fiber diets than monogastric omnivores/carnivores, but less than ______. | Horses Ruminants |
| The small colon of the horse is involved with what? | Microbial fermentation |
| Three functions of the crop: | storage salivary amalase for some species (rarrre) - fermentation |
| The proventriculus of poultry has two chemicals, ____ and ____. | HCL and Pepsin |
| Loss of >____% of body weight in water is fatal to most animals. | 12 |
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