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Bio Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atom | -the smallest unit of mater that retains the chemical properties of an element |
| Nucleus (Parts of an Atom) | made of closely bound protons and neutrons |
| Protons (Parts of an Atom) | positively charged nuclear particles |
| Neutrons (Parts of an Atom) | uncharged (neutral) nuclear particles |
| Electron shell (Parts of an Atom) | negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus |
| Chemical bonds | attach atoms together to create molecule |
| "Stable" atoms | tend to have eight electrons in their valence shell |
| 3 Major Chemical bonds | Ionic bond, Covalent bond, Hydrogen bond |
| Ionic bond | formed when the one or more valence electrons is transferred between atoms |
| Covalent bond | formed when two atoms share electrons |
| Polar covalent bond | electron pairs are not shared equally, so atoms have different partial charges. |
| Hydrogen bond | a weak electrical attraction formed between two molecules that each have a polar covalent bonds |
| Soluble Solute Solvent Solution | -compounds mix completely with water -a dissolved subtance -the fluid into which the solute dissolves - a combination of solute and a solvent |
| Hydrophilic | water loving |
| Hydrophobic | "Water-fearing" |
| Acids | lose hydrogen ions in an aqueous (water-based) solution |
| pH scale | represents the concentration of H+ ions (potential of hydrogen) |
| Molecule | made of two or more atoms linked by a chemical bond |
| chemical compounds | made of atoms from at least two different types of elements |
| Organic molecules | made of more two or more atoms that contains at least one carbon atom |
| Organic compunds | multiple organic molecules bound together |
| Biomolecules | large organic compounds, Four class biomolecules: (proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids) |
| polymers | long strands of repeating units of small molecules called monomers. (polymers include, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids) |
| Cell theory | 1. Every living organism is composed of one or more cells. 2. All cells living today came from preexisting cell. |
| Cells | the smallest, most basic unit of life |
| DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid | Acts as a set of instructions for building organism |
| Genome | the complete set of DNA for an organism |
| Virus | a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside a living cell, viruses are not alive |
| Plasma membrane | a phospholipid bilayer that separates a cell from its external environment |
| Phospholipid bilayer | an organic molecule with a phosphate head covalently bonded to two fatty acid (lipid) tails |
| Liposome | when a phospholipid bilayer forms a sphere |
| Selective permeability | the cell membrane is selective about what enters and leaves the cell |
| Active transport | when molecules move across from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration |
| Passive transport | movement of a substance across a membrane without the addition of energy |
| Diffusion | molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, or down a concentration gradient. |
| Simple diffusion | no transport proteins required |
| Facilitated diffusion | requires transport proteins |
| Osmosis | how water moves in and out of cells and organelles |
| Vesicles | packages formed by sections of cell's plasma membrane by bulging inward or outward |
| Exocytosis | used to expel substances out |
| Endocytosis | used to bring external subtances |
| Prokaryotes | bacteria, archea, and cynobacteria. refrences the lack on an enclosed nucleus. single celled organism |
| Eukaryotes | protists, fungi,plants, and animals. refers the presence of an enclosed nucleus may have single or multicellular |
| Endosymbiotic theory | explains how complex organisms came to exist from simple orgins. |
| Nucleus | the control center of the eukaryotic cell |
| Smooth Er | makes lipids and hormones |
| Rough Er | embedded with ribosomes that make proteins |
| Mitochondria | a power plant that fuels cellular activites |
| Chloroplasts | capture energy from sunlight and use it to make sugar molecules via photosynthesis |
| cytoskeleton | a network of protein cylinders and filament that forms the frame of a cell |
| Metabolism | all the chemical reactions that occur inside cells, including those capture, store, or release energy |
| metabolic pathways | chains of linked chemical reactions |
| Photosynthesis | the process of capturing energy from the sun to create sugars |
| cellular respiration | the process of breaking down glucose, releasing the stored energy for cellular use |
| Anabolism | metabolic pathways that create complex molecules from simpler compounds, requires energy |
| catabolism | metabolic pathways that break down complex molecules, releases chemical energy |
| Energy carriers | deliver energy where it is needed in the cell |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, carries energy in every cell, powers most activities in every cell |
| ADP | adenosine diphosphate |
| Anaerobic | need oxygen for metabolism |
| aerobic | require oxygen for their metabolic processes. |
| Thylakoids | membranous structures that contain proteins and chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis |
| Chlorophyll | a green pigment specialized for absorbing light energy |
| Light dependent reaction | Chlorophyll molecules absorb energy from sunlight that energy is used to break the bonds of water molecules |
| Light independent reaction | Also known as the calvin cycle, CO2 is converted into glucose, carbon as CO2, from the nonliving atmosphere, is made available to the living world as sugars that can be consumed as food for energy. |
Created by:
subrinuh
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