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A&P NEURONS
NEUROGICAL SYSTEM CH 10/11/12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| WHAT IS NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM? | brings information to the central Nervous system, interpret the information, and enables the body to respond to the information |
| Main FUNCTION | • COMMUNICATION & CO-ORDINATION |
| 1. Sensory Function | Gather information |
| 2. Integrative function | Integrates it, what action is going to be taken. Sensory info Brought to the CNS is processed to make motor nerves to carry action |
| 3. Motor Function- | does the action. Plan into action |
| (CNS)-Central Nervous System | • Brain • Spinal Cord |
| PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) | Nerves • Cranial • Spinal Nerves Autonomic Nervous System • Sympathetic System • Parasympathetic System |
| 2 CELLS THAT MAKES UP THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | Neurons = Most important in the transmission of information. Act as a vast communication network. They are non mitotic & DO NOT Replicate nor replace themselves when injured. -Neuroglia= GLIA CELLS= Most abundant of nerve cells, they are the NERVE GLUE. |
| Neuroglia= GLIA CELLS | • DOES NOT conduct the nerve impulse • Some assist with PHAGOCYTOSIS (ASTROCYTES)=>(macrophages=>Housekeepers) (MICROGLIA=>Phagocytosis of pathogens) Cerebrospinal Fluid secretions => EPENDYMAL |
| **• It is the cell membrane if the dendrites, cell body & axon that carries the electrical nerve impulse | ELECTRICAL NERVE IMPULSE= action potential |
| ASTROCYTES | Star-shaped protection barrier around NEURONS to prevent toxics in the blood to the brain. *Blood-BraIn-Barrier which acts as PHAGOCYTES |
| EPENDYMAL | Line inside brain (Choroid Plexus) and assist in the formation of CSF |
| MICROGLIA | Protective role; phagocytosis of pathogens |
| NEURONS | Transmission of Info.vast communication network. They are non mitotic,& DO NOT Replicate nor replace themselves when injured. conduct a nerve impulse, react to stimuli & influence other neurons |
| **NEURONS | ARE THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONING UNIT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM |
| SCHAWNN CELLS | Produce Myelin sheath in PNS; has NEURILEMMA for regeneration |
| NEURILEMMA | ** NUCLEI & CYTOPLASM of SCHWANN Cells, important for REGENERATION of a severed nerve |
| **OLIGODENDROCYTES | Produce myelin sheath for neurons in the CNS. It DOES NOT allow Regeneration since there is no Schwan cells & lack of Neurilemma |
| Parts of a Neuron | DENDRITES, CELL BODY , AXON **IT IS THE CELL MEMBRANE OF THE DENDRITES, CELL BODY AND AXON THAT CARRIES THE ELECTRICAL NERVE IMPULSE. |
| DENDRITES | SENSORY. Carries SENSORY INFORMATION and BRING IT TOWARDS the cell body• Tree-like or Fingerlike projections, they gather information |
| CELL BODY | • Contains the nucleus & other cellular organelles• Essential for the life of the neuron |
| AXON | Root of the tree- MOTOR • Long extensions that transmits information AWAY FROM the cell body• Has branches at the end called AXON TERMINAL (knobs) where neurotransmitters are stored |
| AXON TERMINAL | Where chemical NEUROTRANSMITTER are stored |
| AXON STRUCTURE Has 3 layers | o MYELIN SHEATH- Protects & insulates o NEURILEMMA-Second wrapper o NODES OF RANVIER |
| 1-MYELIN SHEATH- | • The fatty waxy white material that encases nerve fibers • It protects and insulates the axon o Myelin wraps around the axon & helps electrical current to flow down the axon faster |
| MYELIN SHEATH IN THE PNS | specialized cells called SCHWANN CELLS surrounds the axon (NUCLEI & CYTOPLASM of SchwAnn cells are on the outside layer of the myelin sheath & forms the 2. Neurilemma (REGENERATION |
| MYELIN SHEATH IN CNS- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | • Myelin sheath in the CNS is made from GLIAL cells called OLIGODENDROCYTES No SCHWANN Cells⇒No regeneration ⇒ No Neurilemma • No schwann cells, no Neurilemma; no Neurilemma, the ability to regenerate nerve tissue is Lost |
| 3. NODE OF RANVIER | Breaks, Gaps, intervals or constrictions of the Myelin Sheath • Plays a role in impulse conduction allowing the impulse Unmyelinated |
| TYPES OF NEURONS | (SAME) SA⇒Sensory=Afferent ME⇒Motor= Efferent |
| Sensory or AFFERENT | • Carries impulse from PNS TO the central nervous system (CNS=brain &spinal cord) |
| MOTOR or EFFERENT | • Takes information FROM the central Nervous System to the effectors -CNS=> PNS (muscles, glands) |
| INTERNEURONS –CNS- | • Forms connections between sensory & motor neuron • Transmit impulses form one part of the brain & spinal cord to the other Role: Thinking, learning & Memory |
| CNS WHITE MATTER | Myelinated gathered in tracts. |
| CNS GRAY MATTER | Unmyelinated, cluster of cell bodies & interneurons. Cluster of cell bodies: NUCLEI Learning,reasoning,language & memory. ouside: CEREBRAL CORTEX |
| GANGLIA | PNS Cell bodies. Patches are called Basal Nuclei |
| NEURON CARRYING INFORMATION | o Neurons send messages through an ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS |
| SOMATIC NEURONS –PNS-refers to cells of the body | • Receptor in the skin, skeletal muscles & joints (MUSCULAR ACTIVITY) Responsible for all voluntary muscular activities |
| ACTION POTENTIAL- Nerve Impulse - + - | PROCESS of exchange of ions across the neuron membrane: POLARIZATION (- resting state inside ), DEPOLARIZATION (+ depolarized state inside) , REPOLARIZATION (- resting state inside) |
| **ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS | Neurons send messages Chemicals in body=“electrically charged” (Ions) CHEMICAL @ the feet (when is at the terminal), when is ready to transfer to the other Dendrite ELECTRICAL as it moves down.Electrical charge called ***IONS |
| o Intracellular | • **K+= Chief Cation |
| o Extracellular | • **Na+ = Chief Cation |
| • The important ions in the Nervous System | Sodium Na+, Potassium K+, Calcium Ca++ (2+) & Chloride Cl- & other negatively charge protein ions |
| o SODIUM & POTASSIUM PUMP | Regulates movement of the electrolytes INTRAcellular & Extracellular, moving K+ & Na+ in opposite directions. Uses ACTIVE TRANSPORT, with energy supplied by ATP ( adenosine-triphosphate) molecules. |
| POLARIZATION= ( RESTING STATE) ( - ) | K+ LEAVES No action it’s been done. **No electrical signal is being SENT K= leak out of the cell Leaving Inside of the neuron with more negative charge than the outside of the neuron |
| DEPOLARIZATION= ACTION Potential is Occurring ( + )=> Na | ** INWARD movement of SODIUM that cause depolarization Na+ (diffuses)RUSHES INTO the neuron carrying their positive charge Inside of the neuron changes from - to more + charge and becomes DEPOLARIZED |
| REPOLARIZATION (Going back to Resting) ( - ) | OUTWARD diffuion movement of K+ that cause repolarization.Making the inside of the neuron return to a negative state or resting state |
| Refractory Period (Unresponsive) | ** REFRACTORY PERIOD OR UNRESPONSIVE PERIOD Cell's inability (Failure) to accept another stimulus until it REPOLARIZES |
| What causes to move the Nerve Impulse | Ability of each nerve impulse to depolariz the adjacent membrane, the nerve impulse moves like a wave (jumping from Node to Node) |
| MYELINATION in Saltatory Conduction Fast-Conducting nerve fibers | Fatty material that lets the nerve impulse to jump from Node to Node • Information travels faster |
| SALTATORY CONDUCTION | "JUMPING" action occurs at the NODES OF RANVIER Nerve impulse jumps from Node to Node until it gets to the end of the Axon allows impulse to travel a long distance in a shorter time |
| SYNAPSE | Space where the neuron must cross it in order to transmit an impulse to the dendrite of another one. |
| **• It is a junction, gap or space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron | SYNAPTIC CLEFT |
| ELECTRICAL | • The nerve impulse as it travels over the nerve fiber |
| CHEMICAL | • When impulses reaches the terminal end of the axon the transmission |
| NEUROTRANSMITTERS | KNOBS OR BULBS containing tiny vesicles that stores chemical substances |
| ACETYLCHOLINE & NOREPINEPHRINE | Most common neurotransmitters ACh-➢ Needed for nerve transmission Dopamine => Motor functioning Also Serotonin, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) & Endorphins |
| INACTIVATORS | Substances that TERMINATE the activity of Neurotransmitters when they have completed the task. Acetylcholinesterase |
| RECEPTORS | Where Neurotransmitters attach or bind in the membrane. Only accepts what "fits" |
| EVENTS @ SYNAPSE | -Impulse travels to AXON terminal -VESICLES fuse w/ axon terminal,open & release NEUROTRANSMITTERS into synaptic cleft - Neurotransmitter diffuses and binds to RECEPTOR sites of other neuron DENDRITE -Impulse travels toward cell body & axon of 2nd neu |
| BRAIN | Located in Cranial cavity, weighs 3 lbs. Primary source of Energy: GLUCOSE |
| CEREBRUM | Largest portion of the brain. right & left cerebral hemispheres |
| **CORPUS CALLOSUM | band OF WHITE MATTER (nerve fibers) that transfer information from one hemisphere to the other to COMMUNICATE |
| 4 MAJOR LOBES | FRONTAL PARIETAL TEMPORAL OCCIPITAL |
| CEREBRAL LATERALIZATION | Differences in function between the 2 cerebral hemispheres LEFT= Language & mathematical RIGHT= music, expression of emotions |
| CEREBRAL CORTEX | Gray matter composed of cell bodies & interneurons. Outside portion of the cerebrum |
| WHITE MATTER | Myelinated axons that form connection between parts of brain & spinal cord. makes up the bulk |
| CONVOLUTIONS or GYRI | Elevations that resembles speed bumps; Folding arrangement increases the amt of CEREBRAL CORTEX or thinking tissue. |
| SULCI | Grooves that separate GYRI |
| FISSURE | Deep sulcus. Which separates the cerebrum into LOBES |
| LATERAL FISSURE | separates the Temporal lobe from the Frontal & Parietal |
| LONGITUDINAL FISSURE | Separates the left & right cerebral Hemispheres |
| FRONTAL LOBE- Primary Motor Cortex | front of the cranium under "executive functions" Key role in Voluntary Motor Activity- Control Voluntary Muscle movement Personality, emotional & behavioral expressions and higher level thinking skills |
| HOMUNCULUS | Little Man- Brain tissue that corresponds to a function of a particular body part |
| BROCA'S | Left hemisphere. MOTOR SPEECH. Formation of words. |
| APHASIA | After a stroke, person try to say something and CANNOT say it. |
| FRONTAL EYE FIELD | Controls voluntary movements of eyes & eyelids |
| DECUSSATION | Crossing over of fibers. & supply nerve function to the right side of the body and vice-versa. |
| PARIETAL LOBE- PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY | receives SENSORY Info. PROPRIOCEPTION Receives info from skin & muscles a allow sensations of temp,pain, light touch |
| PROPRIOCEPTION | ability to locate a body part in the space- when eyes are closed |
| TEMPORAL LOBES-HEARING | • SENSORY area for hearing • OLFACTORY Area- sense of smell • Interprets sensory Info from taste buds in the tongue |
| PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX | Receives SENSORY information to hear |
| OLFACTORY AREA | Area that controls smell. |
| WERNICKE'S AREA | Broad region located in the PARIETAL & TEMPORAL |
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