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Bio Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bacteria | contain prokaryotes - single celled organisms that lack a nucleus, Unicellular, Often associate and can combine however are not considered tissue, Biofilm often comes as a result of many bacteria combining together |
| Eukarya | Some eukaryotes are single celled, others are multicellular (like humans) - Contains everything from single celled Fungi (yeast) to Animals and Humans |
| Archaea | contain prokaryotes - single celled organisms that lack a nucleus, Found in extreme environments, Originally associated with bacteria however they have the ability to survive in many extreme environments |
| Atoms | 92 naturally occurring, 13 used in life |
| Molecules | formed of atoms |
| Cells | Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism For Bacteria, Archaea, and other unicellular organisms, THE CELL IS THE ORGANISM |
| Tissues | made of many cells working in unison |
| Organs | made of several tissue types |
| Organ Systems | containing groups of organs that work together |
| Organism | being a collection of organ systems |
| Species | are groups of interbreeding organisms |
| Population | the members of a species in a particular area |
| Ecosystem | community of populations (*biotic*) interacting in physical environments (*abiotic*) |
| Community | interacting species |
| Biosphere | all of earths ecosystems |
| Energy | the capacity to do work |
| Metabolism | sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within a cell or organism |
| Photosynthesis | used by plants, algae and some bacteria |
| What is the ultimate source if energy? | THE SUN |
| Homeostasis | a constant internal environment |
| external stimuli | changes outside the body |
| internal stimuli | adjustments to blood pressure in response to values outside of normal |
| asexual reproduction | 1 individual dividing into 2 (cloning) seen with prokaryotic cells |
| sexual reproduction | 2 individuals (one with eggs and one with sperm) off spring gets 23 chromosomes from each parent |
| Growth | increase in size and in the number of cells |
| development | all changes that occur from fertilization until death |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | The genetic information of life - contains hereditary information that directs the structure and function of all cells - contains genes: short segments that specify traits |
| Mutations | variations in gene due to uncorrected errors in DNA when it is copied |
| Evolution | how a populations changes over time |
| Natural Selection | a process by which evolution occurs When a new variation occurs that allows organisms to capture more resources, those individuals have more offspring |
| Adaptation | over time, population has more individuals with this advantageous variation |
| Matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space. |
| Elements | basic building blocks of matter; cannot be broken down by chemical means. Over 90% of the human body is made up of only four elements: carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) |
| C | Carbon |
| H | Hydrogen |
| O | Oxygen |
| P | Phosphorus |
| K | Potassium |
| I | Iodine |
| N | Nitrogen |
| S | Sulfur |
| Ca | Calcium |
| Fe | iron |
| Mg | Magnesium |
| Na | Sodium |
| Cl | Chlorine |
| 3 subatomic particles | protons, neutrons, electrons |
| Max electrons in the closest shell? | 2 |
| Max electrons in outer shells? | 8 |
| What is the outer most atomic shell? | Valence shell |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons |
| Mass Number | sum of the number of protons and neutrons Protons and neutrons each have a mass equal to one atomic mass unit (AMU) Electrons have negligible mass |
| Radioisotopes | unstable isotopes; they emit energy called radiation Radiation can damage cells and cause cancer Useful for imaging the body, killing bacteria in food, sterilizing equipment and killing cancer cells |
| Isotopes | atoms of the same element (with the same atomic number) but a different number of neutrons They differ in their mass number |
| Compounds | molecules made of atoms of different elements bonded together |
| ionic bond | When an atom takes an electron and another atom gives an electron |
| covalent bond | When atoms share electrons |
| double covalent bond | sharing 2 pairs of electrons |
| triple covalent bond | sharing 3 pairs of electrons |
| Nonpolar covalent bond | When atoms share an electron equally, most commonly with itself |
| polar covalent bond | when atoms share an electron unequally |
| Properties of water | 1. Water is liquid at room temp 2. High heat capacity 3. High heat of vaporization 4. Water is a solvent 5. Water molecules are cohesive and adhesive 6. Frozen water is less dense than liquid water |
| Calorie | amount of heat required to raise one gram of water one degree of Celsius |
| Solvent | dissolves many substances |
| Solution | Water with dissolved solutes |
| Hydrophilic | water loving |
| Hydrophobic | Water fearing |
| preclinical trials | Laboratory studies Duration: several years Provides information on dosing and toxicity levels |
| Phase 1 trials | Safety Duration: several months Evaluate safety Gather information about how a drug interacts with the body |
| Phase 2 trials | Safety and dosing Durations: several months Further evaluate safety Monitor side effects Check which dose works best Check effectiveness |
| Phase 3 trials | Safety and efficacy Duration: several years Confirm effectiveness monitor safety |
| What is between phase 3 and phase 4 clinical trials? | FDA approval |
| Phase 4 trials | Post marketing safety and efficacy Gather information on the drug's effect on various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use |
| Control Group | In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. |
| Test Group | receives the drug/treatment |
| Randomized | subjects randomly assigned to a group either control or treatment |
| Single-Blind Study | the subjects don't know which group they're in; the researchers do know |
| Double-Blind study | neither doctor nor patients know which group they are in |
| Informed consent | subjects know exactly their role in the study including all risks and benefits; they can withdraw at any time |
| What is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution? | The pH Scale |
| What does the pH scale measure? | The concentration of hydrogen ions |
| What is factor of change between each pH number | 10x |
| Substances that dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions | Acids |
| Substances that take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions | Bases |
| An example of a strong acid? | Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) |
| An example of a strong base? | Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) |
| What is a normal pH value for the human stomach? | x<3.5 |
| What is a solution that resists changes in pH when acids or bases are added? | A buffer |
| What are two examples of buffers in blood? | Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions |
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Created by:
h-charles
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