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Bio Test 1 Study Set
| materialism | Nature is composed of matter and energy and behaves by dicoverable, constant rules |
| empircism | Relies on evidence obtained through observation and testing |
| T or F: Science is a linear process. | False, Science is an iterative (repetitive) and non-linear process |
| What are the 6 steps of the scientific method? | 1) Make observations 2) Formulate a question 3)Formulate a hypothesis 4) Devise one or more testable predictions 5) Conduct an experiment 6) Analyze data and draw conclusions |
| Hypothesis | A proposed explanation that starts with best available knowledge and proposes an explanation for what is not yet known |
| T or F: The hypothesis must be logically consistent with itself and prior knowledge | True |
| T or F: A hypothesis must be falsifiable | True, a hypothesis is only useful if it is possible to test andf falsify it |
| Can you have more than one predicition after formulating a hypothesis? | Yes, most hypotheses lead to multiple predicitions |
| What is the necessary form of a predicition? | An if/then statement. (ex. If [restate hypothesis], then [describe the expected comparison between experimental and control groups] |
| What do experiments do? (2) | 1) Test predictions of the hypothesis 2) Make comparisons |
| Why is proper experiemental design so important? | Because poor design makes it impossible to make meaningful interpretations |
| What are the 2 types of experiments? | 1) Manipulative (or controlled) 2) Natural (or observational) |
| What is a manipulative (or controlled) experiment? | One variable is manipulated by the experimenter, then the manipulated (experimental) and unmanipulated (control) groups are compared |
| What is a natural (or observational) experiment? | Naturally occuring variations are compared. Experimenter observes but does not manipulate |
| What makes for a good experimental design? (4) | 1) The presence of a control group 2) Blind and double blind designs 3) Large numbers of individuals/participants that are randomly selected and representative of the desired popualtion 4) The application of mathematical statistics (not due to chance) |
| Do natural (observational) experiments have a control group? | Yes, control group is still needed in natural experiments for comparison |
| T or F? All manipulative experiments are conducted in labs, and all natural experiments are conducted in the field. | False |
| Placebo | A pill or treatment that does not contain the substance being tested, but is identical in preparation and appearance |
| Why are placebos necessary in a good experiment? | To ensure only one variable is changed between the control group and manipulated group |
| Variable | A factor that can be set by an experimenter (or in which variation exists and can be studied) to test its effect on a phenomenon |
| Blind experimental design | Subjects of the experiment do not know which treatment they receive |
| Double-blind experimental design | Neither the subjects nor experimenter know which treatment is received |
| Quantitative analysis | Looks at data and compares measurments between groups |
| Statistical analysis | To ask if differences are likely and are not just due to chance |
| If the data meets the predictions, what do we say about the hypothesis? | The hypothesis is not falsified and is supported by the data (do not say the data prove the hypothesis true!) |
| If the data does not meet the predicitions, what do we say about the hypothesis? | The data does not support the hypothesis and it is falsified |
| T of F: If data supports the hypothesis, the experimental design only has to be done once. | False, repeition is very important to experimental design and to solidifying whether the data does or does not support the hypothesis |
| Theory | Explanatory hypothesis that has been repeatedly well supported by empirical data (ex. Theory of evolution, Cell theory) |
| What 3 things does cell theory state? | 1) Cells are the fundamental unit of life 2) All organisms are composed of cells 3) All cells come from pre-existing cells |
| Theory of common descent | An evolution concept stating that all organisms descended from a universal common ancestor |
| What are the 2 classes of cells? | Prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
| What 2 domains of life fall under the umbrella of prokaryotic cells? | Bacteria and Archaea |
| What domain of life falls under the umbrella of eukaryotic cells? | Eukarya (such as animals, plants, and fungi) |
| What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? | Prokaryotes do not have organelles, while eukaryotes do. Prokaryotes do not have DNA within a membrane-bound nucleus, while eukaryotes do. |
| Organelle | Membrane-bound structures in cytoplasm that perfom a function within the cell |
| Nucleoid | Region within cytoplasm of prokaryotic cell occupied by the DNA |
| What makes a plant cell distinct from an animal cell? (3) | 1) Presence of chloroplasts 2) It has a cell wall 3) It has a much larger vacuole that can fill with fluid and push against the cell wall to give turgor pressure |
| What are 3 features/roles of the nucleus? | 1) Contains the genetic material, DNA 2) Assembles DNA with proteins into chromosomes 3) Has a double membrane (nuclear envelope) |
| Nucleolus | Compact region within nucleus with genes that code for ribosome components |
| What 6 organelles make up the endomembrane system? | Nuclear membrane, ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, and plasma membrane |
| T or False: The nucelar membrane and the ER membrane are continuous with one another. | True, the nuclear membrane connects with the ER membrane |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Has ribosomes attached to the outside and proteins enter it to be modified, folded, and prepared for transport |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | No ribosomes attached, but it functions in lipid synthesis |
| Ribosomes | Organelles attached to the rough ER and in the cytoplasm of cells that function in protein synthesis |
| How do proteins travel from the ER to the Golgi apparatus? | In vesicles |
| Golgi apparatus | A stack of membrane bound structures where proteins are modified (added sugar to called glycosylated) then sorted and prepared for transport |
| Vesicles | Small membrane-bound transport units |
| Describe vesicle transportation in the cell | Vesicles containing proteins pinch off the ER, fuse to the Golgi where proteins are modified, pinch off the Golgi, and travel to locations inside the cell or fuse to the plasma membrane and release contents |
| Lysosomes | Isolate digestive ensymes from the cytoplasm...they are acidic inside and have enzymes adapted to this acidity that digest components (like damaged organelles or material that enters the cell by phagocytosis) |
| Phagocytosis | "cell-eating" |
| What does the mitochondria do? | Converts energy from fuel molecules into ATP |
| What 2 organelles are evidence of endosymbiotic theory and why? | The mitochondria and the chloroplast because both have double membranes, their own DNA, and divide by pinching |
| Endosymbiotic theory | Evolution from engulfed ancient cell where the large cell rpovided protection and the engulfed cell provided energy (prokaryote in mitochondrias case and a photosynthetic baterium in cholorplasts case) |
| Evolution | the cumulative change of heritable characteristics of biological populations over time |
| What is an implication of descent from a common ancestor? | That all organsims share some key features and mechanisms |
| What is the order of protein production? | DNA-->RNA-->protein |
| Gene | A segment of DNA that codes for a product (the language of that code is similar in all living things) |
| T or F: Despite the different orders and lengths of proteins, they still have the same structures and fucntions. | False, the different orders and lengths of proteins gives them unique structures and functions |
| Can changes to the code change the protein and change a trait? | It mat (or may not) change the protein and may (or may not change a trait |
| Besides changes to the DNA code, what did the evolution of eukaryotes also involve? | The acquisition of membrane-bound organelles |
| What are the two endosymbiotic events that occurred in eukaryotes and created additional organelles? | the origin of mitochondria and the origin of chloroplasts |
| Cytoskeleton | Important for cell structure and movement |
| Can cells have more than 1 mitochondria? | Yes, cells can have more than 1 mitochondira |
| When we say the ER modifies proteins, what do we mean? | We mean that the ER adds new chemical groups onto those proteins to change their structure and function to help mature them |
| What is all matter composed of? | Atoms |
| What charge do protons have? | Positive |
| What charge do neutrons have? | None, they are neutral |
| What charge do electrons have? | Negative |
| Element | A chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter holding properties of an element. It cannot be further divided without releasing charged particles |
| What is the maximum number of electrons allowed in the first shell? | 2 electrons |
| What is the maximum number of electrons allowed in the second shell and beyond? | 8 electrons |
| Shells | Energy levels around the nucleus |
| Valence shell | The outermost shell |
| Which shell has higher energy electrons? | The outermost/valence shell has higher energy electrons |
| Why is understanding valence shell electrons important? | Valence electrons determine an atom's chemical properties, and how it behaves in chemical reactions |
| What determines an element's reactivity? | Its valence shell electrons |
| Octet Rule | Elements will combine 8 electrons in valence shell (try to adopt noble gas configuration) |
| When is an element stable? | When its outermost/valence ring has 8 electrons (in noble gas configuration) |
| When atoms bond they form... | Molecules |
| What is the purpose of bonding? | To produce stable configurations for electrons |
| T or F: Differences in the electronegativity of atoms does not influence bond formation. | False, differences in the electronegativity of atoms will influence bond formation |
| What is electronegativity? | The tendency of an atom to attract electrons |
| What 2 factors influence the electronegativity of an atom? | 1) The number of positive charges (protons) in the nucleus (more + charge, more strongly attracts electrons) 2) The distance from the nucleus (the closer the valence shell is to the nucleus, the more electronegative) |
| Why the closer the valence shell is to the nucleus the more electronegative an atom is? | Because then it is closer to the attractive force of the + charged protons |
| What is the trend in the periodic table regarding electronegativity? | As you go up and to the right electrongeativity increases (up--> the dist. between the nucleus and valence shell is closer... to the right---> the number of protons in the nucleus increases) |
| What type of bonds involve the sharing of electrons? | Covalent bonds |
| What are the 2 types of covalent bonds? | Non-polar covalent and polar covalent |
| What are the key points of a non-polar covalent bond? (3) | 1) Equal sharing of electrons 2) Occurs when 2 atoms have similar electronegativity (<0.4) 3) No charges present |
| What are the key points of a polar covalent bond? (3) | 1) Unequal sharing of electrons 2) Occurs when 2 atoms differ in electronegativity (>0.4) 3) Partial charges exist around the atoms within the molecule |
| What 2 elements for our intents and purposes could we say have roughly the same electronegativity? | Carbon and Hydrogen |
| What elements have notable higher electronegativities than C and H? | Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur |
| What are 3 ways to represent molecules? (there are more but just the main 3 we'd use) | 1) Expanded formula 2) Condensed formula 3) Skeletal structure |
| What are ionic bonds? | Bonds that involve the transfer of electrons from one atom's valence shell to another valence shell |
| Ion | A charged particle that forms when atoms gain or lose eletcrons |
| What is the first step towards forming an ionic bond? | 2 atoms that have a large difference in electronegativity will from ions |
| What is the second step in forming an ionic bond? | Ions of opposite charges are attracted to each other and from ionic bonds |
| What 2 things are required for a hydrogen bond to form? | 1) An H with a partial positive charge (from being covalently bonded to a more electronegative atom) 2) Another atom with a partial negative charge (often O or N) or fully negative charge |
| What do we use to depict hydrogen bonds? | A dashed or dotted line |
Created by:
ndimarco31
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