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322 Week 2/3
322 Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| pharmacogenetics | unique differences in response to drugs that are individual based on genes |
| loading dose | extra dose puts drug into effect, used with drugs that have a longer half life |
| pharmacogenetics is used to | improve outcomes, customize plan of care, decrease adverse affects, reduce cost, decrease treatment failures |
| trade names | proprietary, given to by pharmaceutical company, brand names; upper case Advil, Tylenol |
| generic names | cheaper option, drugs will be ordered by this name; the original destination that the drug was given when company applied |
| absorption is dependent on | speed of gastric emptying, gastric pH, formation of drug complexes |
| biotransformation | metabolism, in the liver, how is the drug broken down |
| excretion | through the kidney and bile, sweat, saliva; affected by pH and renal condition |
| onset | time it takes for drugs to reach minimum effective concentration |
| peak | drug reaches highest concentration in the blood |
| duration | length of time the drug exerts a therapeutic effect |
| peak drug level | highest plasma concentration; indicates rate of absorption |
| trough drug level | lowest plasma concentration; rate of elimination; levels are drawn before next dose is given |
| metoclopramide | direct acting cholinergic agonist; treats gastroparesis, nausea, GERD |
| bethanechol | direct acting cholinergic agonist; increase urination; stimulates contraction of the bladder |
| anticholinergic side effects | dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, increased heart rate |
| anticholinergic contraindications | glaucoma, obstructive GI disorders, ulcerative colitis, BPH, myasthenia gravis |
| anticholinergics main effects | decrease secretions, bronchodilate, dilate pupils; slow down |
| atropine | anticholinergic increases heart rate, used to decrease salivation |
| epinephrine uses | asthma , bronchospasm, anaphylaxis |
| phase 1 clinical trial | healthy, tightly controlled with no comorbidities, evaluates safe dosage range and pharmacokinetics |
| phase 2 clinical trial | given to people with the disease, determines therapeutic effects, safety and effectiveness |
| phase 3 clinical trial | drug is in vast clinical market, prescribers observe and monitor adverse effects |
| phase 4 clinical trial | post marketing surveillance, approved by FDA |
| first pass occurs in the | liver, some drugs are inactivated and may require a higher dose |
| high distribution | small, lipid soluble, unbound |
| low distribution | water soluble, large, bound |
| cytochrome p450 | converts drugs to metabolites in the liver |
| PNS and SNS regulate | HR, BP, respirations, temperature, water balance, digestion |
| neurotransmitter in SNS | norepinephrine |
| selective alpha blocker | vasodilation |
| nonselective alpha blocker | lower BP, reflexive tachycardia |
| selective beta blocker | decrease HR and BP; metoprolol and atenolol |
| nonselective beta blocker | decrease HR and BP, bronchoconstriction; propanolol |
| neurotransmitter of PNS | acetylcholine; responsible for cardiac contractions and blood pressure |
| reversible indirect cholinergic agonists | promote pupil constriction in glaucoma, increase strength in myasthenia gravis |
| anticholinergics are contraindicated with | glaucoma |
| alpha 1 receptor | increase cardiac contractility, vasoconstriction, dilate pupils, decrease salivary gland secretion, urinary bladder relaxation |
| alpha 2 receptor | inhibits norepinephrine release, vasodilation, decrease BP, decrease GI motility and tone |
| beta 1 receptor | increase cardiac contractility, heart rate, increase renin secretion, increase BP |
| beta 2 receptor | decrease GI tone and motility, bronchodilation, increase blood flow to skeletal muscles, relax smooth muscle of uterus, liver glycogenolysis, increase blood glucose |
| metoprolol/ atenolol | blocks beta 1 only, decrease BP and HR |
| most commonly prescribed medications impacting the autonomic nervous system | adrenergic agonists |
| fight or flight response | increased heart rate, increased sweating, dilated pupils |
| cholinergic neurons release | acetylcholine |
| adrenergic neurons release | noreprinephrine |
| alpha 1 | receptors stimulate smooth muscle contraction |
| beta 1 | receptors stimulate increased heart rate and contractility |
| beta 2 | receptors relax smooth muscle |
| stimulation of sympathetic nervous system | tachycardia, hyperglycemia, dilated pupils, bronchodilation, sweating |
| stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system | bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, constrict pupils, bladder contraction |
| tachyphalaxis | acute, rapid decrease in drug responsiveness |
| atenolol | decrease BP and HR, selective beta blocker |
| bethanechol contraindication | asthma |
| benztropine | anti parkinsonism |
| cholinergic effect | increased pupil constriction, increase heart rate and BP, increase secretions, increased GI motility |
| side effects of adrenergic agonists | bradycardia, bronchoconstriction |
| epinephrine is not given PO because of it's | first pass effect |
| beta 2 action for epinephrine | bronchodilation |
| beta 2 adrenergic agonist | albuterol sulfate; treats bronchospasm |
| alpha 1 action for epinephrine | increase BP |
| selective alpha antagonist | terazosin hydrochloride |
Created by:
ahommel
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