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unit one ap bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| four elements that make up 96% of living matter | oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen |
| atomic structure | composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons (2,8,8) |
| reactivity of atoms | controlled by the number of electrons in an atom; fuller shell is more stable |
| nonpolar covalent bonds | equal sharing of electrons |
| polar covalent bonds | unequal sharing of electrons |
| covalent bonding | results from the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms |
| ionic bonding | transfer of electrons between a metal and a non-metal (held by charge differences) |
| polarity of water | water is a polar molecule meaning it has opposite charges on opposite ends. this causes hydrogen bonds to form causing water to stick together |
| hydrogen bonding | forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom |
| four emergent properties of water universal solvent | cohesion/adhesion, moderation of temperature, floating of ice in liquid water, |
| cohesion | the sticking together of particles of the same substance (wax + water) |
| adhesion | force of attraction between different kinds of molecules (table + water) |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| hydrophobic | water fearing |
| surface tension | a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid |
| hydrogen bonds break | heat is absorbed |
| hydrogen bonds form | heat is released |
| moderation of temperature | water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air |
| water's high specific heat | heat required to raise or lower the temperature of 1 gram of an object 1 degree C; keeps earth ocean temps stable |
| evaportaive cooling | allows water to cool a surface |
| solute | the substance that is dissolved |
| solvent | the "dissolver"; water is the universal solvent |
| pH scale 0-6 acidic | 0-6 acidic 7 neutral 8-14 basic |
| acids | hydronium ions (H+ or H3O+) |
| bases | hydroxide ions (OH-) |
| changes in pH concentrations | can have effect a great affect on pH in living organisms |
| buffers | substances that minimize changes in pH |
| orgainic chemistry | the study of carbon atoms |
| Miller-Urey Experiment | proved that abiotic compounds can turn into biotic compounds |
| carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules | carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (DNA) |
| carbon skeleton | can be chains, ring-shaped, or branched; may vary in length and shape |
| structural isomer | varies in covalent arrangement |
| cis-trans isomer | differs in spatial arrangement |
| enantiomers | mirror image of molecules |
| hydroxl group | OH-; alcohols |
| carboxyl group | -COOH; carboxylic acid (organic acid) |
| amino group | -NH2; amines, acts as a base |
| phosphate | PO4 3-; organic phosphates |
| macromolecules | giant molecules; 2 or more polymers bonded together |
| carbohydrates | used for energy |
| fats or lipids | storing energy, protection of vital organs and insulation |
| proteins | help repair and build body tissue |
| nucleic acids | storage and expression of genomic information |
| monomers | building blocks of polymers (dehydration synthesis) |
| polymers | large compound formed from combinations of many monomers (covalent bonds) |
| dehydration synthesis | makes polymers; A +B --> AB |
| hydrolysis | breakdown polymers; AB --> A + B |
| monosaccharides | simple sugars; glucose, fructose, galactose |
| disacchaides | complex sugars; sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| polysaccharides | complex sugars; starch, cellulose, glycogen |
| glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
| starch | stores sugar in plants, made up of alpha-glucose molecules |
| cellulose | made up of ß-glucose molecules |
| glycogen | stores sugar in animals |
| chitin | structural molecule in walls of fungi/arthropod exoskeletons |
| lipid structure | composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule (triglyceride) |
| saturated fats fats | that are solid at room temperature (butter) |
| unsaturated fats | liquid at room temperature (oils) |
| phospholipids | a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group |
| cholesterol | a component of the plasma membranes in animal cells; keeps the membranes flexible and fluid |
| amino acid structure | central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group, hydrogen atom |
| polypeptides | chains of amino acids |
| protein | contains one or more polypeptides |
| primary structure | sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds |
| secondary structure | forms a coil; hydrogen bonds |
| tertiary structure | bonds between R groups; hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bonds, van der waals interactions |
| quaternary bonds | two or more peptide bonds |
| protein function | the shape determines how it functions |
| denaturation of proteins | temperature, pH, solvents that disrupt ionic, hydrogen, or hydrophobic interactions |
| nucleotide structure | phosphate, sugar, base |
| DNA | double stranded deoxyribose sugar stores and transmits genetic information AGCI |
| RNA | single stranded ribose sugar carry info from DNA to ribsomes AGCU |
| DNA bases | A-T G-C |
| RNA bases | A-U G-C |
| metabolism | the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life |
| catabolic | breaking down |
| anabolic | building up |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| chemical energy | energy stored in chemical bonds |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created nor destroyed |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | cells require a constant input of energy |
| free energy | used to determine how systems change and how much work they can produce |
| endergonic | absorbs energy; builds up |
| exergonic | releases energy; breaks down |
| ATP | like a charged battery (adenine, ribose, 3 phosphates) |
| ADP | like a dead battery (ribose, adenine, two phosphate groups) |
| energy coupling | occurs when the energy produced by one reaction or system is used to drive another reaction or system |
| enzyme | protein that acts as a biological catalyst |
| catalyst | substances that can change the rate of a reaction without being alerted in the process |
| activiation energy | the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction |
| active site | a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction |
| substrate | chemcial that an enzyme works on |
| enzyme-substrate complex | a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s) |
| products | the substances that are formed by the chemical change |
| factors that affect enzyme activity | temperature, pH, chemicals |
| cofactors | nonprotein enzyme helpers |
| coenzymes | organic cofactors |
| competitive inhibitor | binds to the active site of an enzyme, competes with substrate |
| noncompetitive inhibitor | binds to another part of an enzyme --> enzyme changes shape --> active site is nonfunctional |
| activator | stabilizes active site (turns on) |
| inhibitor | stabilizes inactive form (turns off) |
| allosteric regulators | substances that can either inhibit or activate enzymes |
| feedback inhibition | the end product of the enzymatic passages - cells regulate how products are made |
Created by:
helaraky16
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