Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Geo 1010 Fall 23 USU
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Objective evidence | Observation free of bias (everyone can make the same observation) |
| Subjective evidence | Observation influenced by observer's personal bias |
| Observation | Act of gathering new info from senses or from a scientific instrument |
| Can humans be completely objective? | No, humans are biased by nature |
| Quantitative | Observation based in numerical data, preferred: can be used in calculations |
| Qualitative | Observation based in non-numerical data; not preferred but can still be useful |
| Falsifiable | Any claim in science can be proved wrong with proper evidence |
| Hypothesis | proposed explanation for observation that can be tested |
| Theory | Accepted scientific idea that explains a process using the best available information |
| Driving force | component of gravitational force which pushes material downslope |
| Pseudoscience | Method of investigation the claims to be scientific, but doesn't hold up to scientific scrutiny |
| What separates science from pseudoscience | Falsifiability |
| Scientific method | Phenomena and ideas need to be scrutinized using hypothesizing experimentation and analysis. Eventually result in consensus or scientific theory |
| Is science a social process? | Yes; They should be seeking guidance and feedback with peers; peer reviewed data in an attempt to weed out misinformation |
| Do scientists accept a hypothesis quickly as theory? | No, they need it to be supported overwhelmingly with evidence from many independent researchers |
| What are the steps of the scientific method? | 1. Formulate question 2. Objective experimentation/observation 3. Analyze data/interpret results 4. Create an evidence-based theory 5. Submit findings to peer review/publication |
| What are scientific method conclusions based on? | Objective evidence, not opinion or hearsay |
| Experiement | Testing an idea in which new information can be gathered to either accept or reject a hypothesis |
| Peer review | Experts in a field review and comment on newly-introduced work, typically part of publication |
| Deductive reasoning | Taking known truths in order to develop new truths |
| What is the problem with deductive reasoning | If the initial principle is flawed, the conclusion will inherit the flaw |
| Inductive reasoning | Establishing evidence (new observations) to infer a possible truth |
| Period | 3rd largest span of time recognized by geologists (smaller than an era, larger than an epoch) |
| What evidence was found by Galileo that proved Earth could not be the center of the universe? | Moons orbiting around jupiter |
| Example of inductive reasoning | New mineral was discovered on Mars leading to a new hypothesis about water on Mars |
| What is an advantage of inductive reasoning? | Focus on observation |
| Sandstone | rock primarily made of sand |
| Shale | Very fine-grained rock with very thin layering called fissile |
| Sedimentary | Rock that has formed from sediment or is deposited by water or air |
| Who was the first to hypothesize that the Earth was older than thought and what principle did they find? | James Hutton, in 18th century (1726-1797), founded principle of uniformitarianism |
| Principle of Uniformitarianism | Present is the key to the past, physical laws and processes that existed and operate in the past still exist and operate today |
| Catastrophism | Large, damaging events are the cause of most geologic events |
| Who championed catastrophism and extinct? | Georges Cuvier (1769) |
| Fossils | Any evidence of ancient life |
| Extinct | Species no longer exists |
| Elements | Group of atoms with specific number of protons having specific universal and unique properties |
| Was the idea of uniformitarianism well accepted? | No. |
| Who used uniformitarianism to develop deep geological time to develop ideas about evolution? | Darwin |
| Theory of plate tectonics | Theory that the outer layer of the Earth (lithosphere) is broken in several plates, and these plates move relative to one another, causing the major topographic features of Earth (mountains, oceans ,etc.) and most earthquakes and volcanoes. |
| Who is plate tectonics most commonly attributed to? Was he accepted? | Alfred Wegener, no he was mostly ignored and ridiculed for his ideas |
| Mid-ocean ridge | Divergent boundary within an oceanic plate where new lithosphere and crust is created as the 2 plates spread apart |
| Are Mid-ocean ridge and spreading center an antonym? | No, they are synonyms. |
| Magnetic striping | Symmetric (about the ridge) patterns of magnetism created by ocean floor rocks recording changes in Earth's magnetic field |
| What simple scientific technique did geologists like hutton, steno, and lyell use to draw fundamental geologic conclusions? | Compared ancient rock/fossils to modern counterparts |
| What idea is not consistent with uniformitarianism? | A large asteroid hitting the Earth and causing devastation which killed many species like the dinosaurs. |
| What assumption is required for uniformitarianism to hold true? | Processes have been governed by the same set of rules of nature since the beginning of time |
| Natural resources | Items found within Earth that are valuable but limited (coal, water, gold) |
| Landslide | Sudden material falling down a slope due to gravity; can cover a wide range of events including debris flows, rock falls, and mudslides. |
| Where does the term geology come from? | Greek word geo meaning earth; Logos meaning to think or reckon with. |
| Geology plays a role in how we use | natural resources |
| Nonrenewable resource | A resource that is not able to be replaced on human time scales |
| What is an example of a nonrenewable resource | Petroleum |
| Renewable resource | A resource that is replaced on human time scales |
| Geologic hazards include | landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, volcanic eruptions, and sea level rise |
| Earth system science | Study of the interaction of the spheres within the system that is the Earth, mainly the study of the hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere and biosphere. |
| System | Interconnected set of parts that combine and make up a whole |
| What do Earth System scientists study? | How geologic processes shape not only the world, but all the spheres it contains. |
| What is the most fundamental view of Earth materials | Rock cycle |
| What is the rock cycle? | Magma crystallizes to igneous rocks which weathers to sediment which deposits to sedimentary rocks which has a chemical change to metamorphic rocks which melts to magma |
| Magma | is liquid rock (also called lava) |
| Where does Magma form? | Under the Earth's surface; in the crust or mantle. |
| What are examples of sediments? | Gravel, sand, silt, and clay |
| What is deposition | Sediment gathering together and collecting, typically in a topographic low point |
| What is lithification | Process of turning sediment into a sedimentary rocks, including deposition, compaction, and cementation. |
| Asthenosphere | Ductile physical layer of the Earth, below the lithosphere. Movement within the asthenosphere is the main driver of plate motion, as the overriding lithosphere is pushed by this. |
| What are the layers of the Earth? | Crust, Mantle, Core |
| What are the types of crust? | Continental and Oceanic |
| What is the mantle made out of? | Peridotite |
| What are the 2 parts of the core? | Liquid outer core and solid inner core. |
| What is the largest division of time? | Eon |
| Eon's are divided into.. | Eras |
| What are included in a geologists tool kit? | Magnifying lens, rock hammer, compass, map, magnet, dilute solution (hydrochloric acid) |
| Igneous rocks form by... | crystallization |
| Science denial | Purposely ignoring or dissenting from science for political or cultural gains |
| What are 3 examples of science denial | Teaching evolution in public schools, tobacco smoke to cancer, and linking human activity to climate change |
| Science denial uses 3 false arguments, what are they? | 1. Undermine the science, 2. Claim the result is evil, 3. Demand equal time |
| What paradigm shift in geology most changed the way geologists look at the world? | Plate Tectonics |
| Deductive reasoning focuses on _________ while inductive reasoning deals with _________ | Observation, inference |
| As metamorphism progresses and intensifies in the rock cycle, what event or process is likely to take place next? | Melting |
| Which large chunk of geologic time is characterized by the lack of easy-to-find fossils? | Precambrian |
| What's an example of a geologic phenomena is outside the realm of uniformitarianism? | Banded iron formed as oxygen entered the atmosphere |
| Accretionary Wedge | mix of sediments that form as a subducting plate descends and the overriding plate scrapes material and material is added |
| Active Margin | Places where oceanic and continental lithospheric tectonic plates meet and move relative to each other. |
| Asthenosphere | Ductile physical layer of the Earth, below the lithosphere. Movement within the asthenosphere is the main driver of plate motion, as the overriding lithosphere is pushed by this. |
| Brittle | Property of solids where a force applied to an object causes the object to fracture, break, or snap. Most rocks at low temperatures are brittle. |
| Chemosynthesis | Bio process of gaining energy from chemicals from within the Earth, similar to using the energy of the sun in photosynthesis. |
| Collision | When 2 continents crash with no subduction (and little to no volcanism) since each continent is to buoyant. Many of the largest mountain ranges and broadest zones of seismic activity come from collisions. |
| Continental Crust | Has a relatively low density. Layers of rocks that form the continents. It's much thicker than oceanic crust. The average composition is similar to granite |
| Continental Drift | Gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time. |
| Continental lithosphere | Composed of approx 20-35 mile layer of light granitic crust underlaid by a 60-80-mile layer of heavy mantle peridotite |
| Continental rifting | |
| continental-continental plate boundary | |
| convection | |
| convergent plate boundaries | |
| crust/lithosphere | |
| Curie point | |
| dextral | |
| divergent plate boundary | |
| ductile | |
| flat-slab subduction | |
| foreland basin | |
| glossopteris flora | |
| gondwana | |
| hot spot | |
| hydrothermal vent | |
| inner core | |
| isostasy | |
| laurasia | |
| lithosphere | |
| magnetic anomaly | |
| magnetic anomaly/reversal | |
| magnetic field | |
| magnetism | |
| mantle | |
| mantle plume | |
| mantle wedge | |
| mesosphere | |
| mid-ocean ridge | |
| ocean floor | |
| oceanic crust | |
| oceanic lithosphere | |
| oceanic-continental subduction/plate boundary | |
| oceanic-continental subduction/plate boundary | |
| ophiolite | |
| outercore | |
| paleomagnetism | |
| Pangaea | |
| passive margin | |
| piercing point | |
| plate tectonic theory | |
| rift/rifting | |
| seafloor spreading | |
| sinistral | |
| subduction | |
| supercontinent | |
| tomography | |
| transform fault | |
| transform plate boundary | |
| transpression | |
| transtension | |
| trench | |
| volcanism | |
| Wilson Cycle | |
| xenoliths |
Created by:
alaris423
Popular Science sets