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Earthquake Terms #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Earthquake | Earthquake is a term used to describe both sudden slip on a fault, and the resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused by the slip, or by volcanic or magmatic activity, or other sudden stress changes in the earth. |
| Fault | A fracture in the tectonic plates |
| Continental Drift | The theory that the continents drift along the surface of the earth |
| Plate Tectonics | The theory that considers the earth's crust and upper mantle to be composed of several large, thin, relatively rigid plates that move relative to one another. |
| Crust | The earth's surface |
| Foreshocks | Smaller earthquakes that proceed larger earthquakes |
| San Andreas Fault | A well known fault located in California that can be seen from the earth's surface |
| Elastic Energy | Potential energy that is stored when a body is deformed |
| Elastic Rebound | Energy released when a deformed body snaps back to normal form |
| Fault Creep | Slow, more or less continuous movement occurring on faults due to ongoing tectonic deformation. Faults that are creeping do not tend to have large earthquakes. |
| Stick-slip | Stick-slip refers to the fast movement that occurs between two sides of a fault when the two sides of the fault become unstuck |
| Aftershock | Aftershocks are earthquakes that follow the largest shock of an earthquake sequence |
| Normal Fault | Dip-slip faults are inclined fractures where the blocks have mostly shifted vertically. If the rock mass above an inclined fault moves down, the fault is termed normal |
| Divergent Plate Boundaries | Tectonic boundaries where two plates are moving away from each other |
| Convergent Plate Boundaries | Tectonic boundaries where two plates are moving toward each other |
| Transform Plate Boundaries | Tectonic boundaries where two plates are sliding past each other |
| Thrust Fault | A low-angle reverse fault produced in rocks subjected to thrust |
| Strike-slip | Strike-slip faults are vertical (or nearly vertical) fractures where the blocks have mostly moved horizontally |
| Seismologist | A scientist studying earthquakes |
| Seismology | The study of earthquakes |
| Seismographs | A seismograph, or seismometer, is an instrument used to detect and record earthquakes |
| Seismograms | A seismogram is a record written by a Seismograph in response to ground motions produced by an earthquake, explosion, or other ground-motion sources |
| Seismic Waves | A seismic wave is an elastic waves generated by an impulse such as an earthquake or an explosion |
| Surface Waves | A surface wave is a seismic seismic wave that is trapped near the surface of the earth |
| Body Waves | A body wave is a seismic wave that moves through the interior of the earth, as opposed to surface waves that travel near the earth's surface. P and S waves are body waves. |
| -P- Waves (Primary) | A -P- wave, or compressional wave, is a seismic body wave that shakes the ground back and forth in the same direction and the opposite direction as the direction the wave is moving |
| -S- Waves (Secondary) | An -S- wave, or shear wave, is a seismic body wave that shakes the ground back and forth perpendicular to the direction the wave is moving |
| Focus | The point within the earth where an earthquake rupture starts |
| Epicenter | The point directly above the focus on the surface of the earth |
| Displacement | Displacement is the difference between the initial position of a reference point and any later position. The amount any point affected by an earthquake has moved from where it was before the earthquake |
| Horizontal Displacement | The difference between the initial position of a reference point and any later position horizontally |
| Vertical Displacement | The difference between the initial position of a reference point and any later position vertically |
Created by:
chazmix12
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