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Biology 212 exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the study of life | Biology |
| Organisms are subject to basic laws of | Physics and chemistry |
| Matter consists of | Chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds |
| What percentage of the 92 elements are essential to life | 20-25% |
| What are the four elements essential for life | carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen |
| what are trace elements | elements used less than 0.01% in humans |
| what are intermolecular bonds | interactions between molecules (hydrogen bonding, ionic) |
| What are intramolecular bonds | interactions within a molecule ( covalent bonding, vander waal) |
| Strongest bond in biology due to an abundance of aqueous solutions | covalent and ionic bonding |
| Weak bonds are most common in | large biological molecules (DNA strands) |
| shape determines | function |
| Equation for photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O |
| Equation for cellular respiration | C6H12O6 + 6O = 6CO2 + 6H2O |
| Anabolic reaction | small to large (illegal steroids) |
| Catabolic reaction | large to small |
| 4 emergent properties of water that contribute to Earth's suitability for life | cohesion, temperature moderation, expansion when freezing, versatile solvent |
| Cohesion | hydrogen bonding between water molecules that holds them together (helps water travel up plants ) |
| Adhesion | hydrogen bonding between water molecules and another substance (molecule of a cell, helps counteract gravity to bring water back down) |
| Surface Tension | a measure of how difficult it is to break surface of liquid (water is high) |
| Specific heat | the amount of energy it takes water to absorb or release for 1g to change in temp by 1 degree Celsius |
| Solution | homogeneous mixture |
| Aqueous solution | a mixture in which water is the solvent |
| Hydrophilic | polar (table salt) |
| Hydrophobic | non-polar (oil) |
| Most biological fluids have PH values in the range | PH 6-8 |
| Buffer | weak acid and its corresponding base (accepts and releases H+) |
| What element could compare to carbon and why is it not in everything | silicon, it is much larger so less abundant |
| Benzene | clycohexane with 3 double bonds |
| Cis-trans isomers | same covalent bond in different spatial arrangement |
| enantiomer | isomer that are mirror images of eachother |
| Functional groups | review table in powerpoint |
| What are the four main macromolecules | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid |
| Carbohydrates | Monomers; monosaccharides Polymers; polysaccharides monomer bonds; glyosidic linkages |
| Lipids | Monomers: none Polymers; none monomer bond; ester bonds (in fats) |
| Proteins | Monomers; amino acids polymer; polypepeptide monomer bonds; peptide bonds |
| Nucleic acid | monomer; nucleotides polymer; polynucleotides monomer bonds; phosphodiester bonds |
| True polymers | carbs, proteins, nucleic acid |
| Why is water so important for life | it is necessary for the synthesis and decomposition of molecules |
| What is the valence of an atom | the amount of electrons needed left to fill the outer shell |
| Van Der Waal interactions are important for | reinforcing the shape of large molecules |
| What is responsible for the emergent properties of water | the polar covalent bonds within water molecules that form hydrogen bonding between water molecules |
| What makes carbon such a common element in human anatomy | its 4 valence allows for versatility in shape and chemical bonds |
| Dehydration reaction | occurs when two monomers are covalently bound by the loss of a water molecule |
| Hydrolysis | occurs when a polymer is broken down into monomers by the gain of a water molecule |
| Enzymes | performs dehydration and hydrolysis reaction, types of proteins usually ending in "ase", lower activation energy of reactions, speeds them up |
| Most common formula found in monosaccharides | CH2O (ex: C6H12O6) |
| Monosaccharides are classified by the | carbonyl group and number of carbons in the carbon skeleton. Name usually ending in "ose", prefix is determined by number of carbons |
| Structure and function of polysaccharides are determined by | the sugar monomers and position of the glyosidic linkages |
| Starch | plant storage polysaccharide |
| Glycogen | animal storage polysaccharide |
| What is the difference between the structure of the starch polymer and cellulose polymer (both plant polymers) | The placement of the hydroxyl group. Starch all are placed on one side, cellulose they are interchanging from both sides |
| Chitin | Polysaccharide that provides support for some fungal cell walls, found in exoskeleton of anthropods (beta sheet linkages) |
| The most biologically important lipids are | fats, steroids, and phospholipids |
| Fats | constructed by glycerol and fatty acids. Synthesized by dehydration reaction to form glycerol head and fatty acid tail |
| Triglyceride | Three fatty acids are joined to a glycerol head by ester linkages |
| Saturated fatty acids (straight) | maximum amount of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds (mostly in animals) |
| Unsaturated fats (bent) | trans double bonds reducing number of hydrogen atoms (mostly in plants and fish) |
| Phospholipids | fatty acid tail (hydrophobic) and phosphate group attached to glycerol (hydrophilic). When placed in water creates a bilayer which mainly structures cell membranes |
| Steroids | characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings |
| Enzymatic proteins | selective acceleration of chemical rxns (digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food) |
| Defensive proteins | protection against disease (antibodies inactive and help destroy viruses and bacteria) |
| Storage proteins | storage of amino acids (casein in animals and ovalbumin in plants) |
| Transport proteins | transport of substance (hemoglobin |
| Hormonal proteins | coordination of an organisms activities (insulin, hormone in pancreas that regulates blood sugar) |
| Receptor proteins | response of cell to chemical stimuli (receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by other nerve cells |
| Contractile proteins | movement (actin and myosin) |
| Structural proteins | support (keratin supports hair and skin) |
| Anatomy of amino acid | carboxyl group on right, amino group on left, and c-h in middle attached to an "r group" that determines the function. |
| Peptide bonds are linked by | a carbon and nitrogen atom |
| Primary Structure | First structure in protein. Made from multiple amino acids determined by inherited genetic information |
| Secondary Structure (a helix or b pleated sheet) | coils and folds resulted from hydrogen bonding between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone |
| Tertiary structure | determined by interactions between R groups resulted from hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and van der waals interactions. Strong covalent bonds call disulfide brides help reinforce shape. |
| Quaternary structure | results when two or more polypeptide chains forms one macromolecule (exists in some proteins) |
| Denaturation | the loss of a proteins native structure and function |
| Nucleic acid | helps store, transmit, and express hereditary information |
| Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) | provides direction for its own replication, directs snthesis of mRNA and through mRNA controls protein synthesis which occurs in ribosomes |
| What does every nucleotide consist of | phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and pentose sugar |
| Nucleoside | part of the nucleotide without the phosphate group |
| Difference between pentose sugars (DNA and RNA) in nucleotide | DNA has one hydroxyl and RNA has two |
| Pyrimidines | C,T,U nitrogen base |
| Purines | A,G nitrogen base |
| Phosphodiester Bonds | where the OH on the 3' end covalently bonds to the phosphate on the 5' end of the nucleotide |
| Antiparallel | 3' and 5' end of a DNA strand |
| Basic features of ALL cells | cell membrane, chromosomes, ribosomes, and cytsol |
| 70s ribosomes | prokaryotic cells; mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| 80s ribosomes | eukaryotic cells; uses DNA to make proteins |
| Prokaryotic cells | Domains: bacteria and archaea NO nucleus DNA in an unbound region called nucleoid NO membrane bound organelles cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane thrive almost everywhere most single celled |
| Flagella | made of protein flagellin (movement) |
| Fimbriae | made of protein pilin (attachment) |
| Eukaryotic cells | DNA in membrane bound nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane bound organelles |
| In animal cell but not plant | lysosomes, centrioles, flagella (in some plant sperm) |
| In plant cells but not animal | cell wall, chloroplast, chlorophyll, centriole vacuole and tonoplast, and plasmodesmata |
| Nuclear envelope | Outer protective layer of nucleus; double membraned phospholipid |
| Pores | regulate entry of substances from nucleus; apart of the pore complex |
| Nuclear lamina | composed of proteins (intermediate filaments) and maintains the shape of the nucleus |
| Chromosome | DNA organized in the nucleus |
| Chromatin | Chromosome and its associated protein |
| Nucleolus | Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis |
| Ribosomes | made of rRNA and proteins; protein synthesis factories |
| Endomembrane System | regulates protein traffic, performs metabolic functions in the cell |
| Endomembrane system consists of | nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane; communication is either continuous or performed by vesicles |
| Phagocytosis | lysosomes produce digestive enzymes to hydrolyze food in cells |
| Autophagy | recycling of cells |
| Golgi apparatus | consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. Modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, and sorts and packages material into transport vesicles |
| Cis face of golgi apparatus | receiving side |
| Trans face of golgi apparatus | shipping side |
| Vacuoles | large vesicles derived from the ER and golgi apparatus |
| Central Vacuoles in mature plant cells | hold organic compounds and water; surrounded by the tonoplast membrane |
| Two compartments of the inner membrane of mitochondrion | intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix |
| cristae | folded inner membrane of mitochondria |
| Matrix | inside of mitochondria where some cellular respiration are catalyzed and free ribosomes reside |
| Thylakoids | membranous sacs |
| Granum | stacks of thylakoids |
| Stroma | free internal fluid |
| Peroxisomes | moves hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms to form peroxide then converting that to water. Used to detoxify alcohol in liver |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm; support and motility |
| Microtubules (larger) | Made from tubulin, moves chromosomes and organelles |
| Microfilaments (smaller) | made from actin, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, division of animal cells |
| Intermediate Filament (medium) | made from several proteins such as keratin; anchorage of nucleus, formation of nuclear lamina, fix organelles in place |
| Centresome | area near the nucleus where microtubules grow |
| Centrioles | the two structure with 9 triplets of microtubules |
| Myosin | motors in muscle contraction |
| Extracellular Matrix | area in animal cell to protect the internal due to a lack of cell wall made up from collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin |
| Intergrins | receptor proteins for ECM |
| Plasmodesmata | channels that perforate plant cell wall that allows water, small solutes, and sometimes RNA and proteins to travel from cell to cell |
| Tight junctions (water proofing) | neighboring cells are pushed together preventing leakage of extracellular fluids |
| Desmosomes (anchoring) | fasten cells together into strong sheets |
| Gap junctions (communicating) | provides cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells |
| Transcription | transferring information from DNA to mRNA |
| Translation | formation of the protein |
| What are the three shapes that helps classify prokaryotic cells | coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod shaped), vibrio (spiral) |
| What do most bacterial cell walls contain | peptidoglycan; network of polysaccharides cross-linked by polypeptides |
| Gram negative bacteria | less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides(often toxic) (pink counterstain) |
| Gram positive bacteria | simpler walls with more peptidoglycan (more purple) |
| Which bacteria is highly susceptible to most antibodies that target peptidoglycan | gram positive bacteria |
| Capsule | a sticky outer layer of polysaccharides or proteins in some prokaryotes; adherence to substrate and can shield pathogenic bacteria from the host immune system |
| Pili (sex pili) | allows bacteria to share DNA; reproduction |
| Pathogenic bacteria | produces poisons (exotoxins and endotoxins) |
| Exotoxins | proteins secreted by a cell |
| Endotoxins | lipopolysaccharide components of gram negative bacteria; only released when the cell dies |
Created by:
26lexnix
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