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parent/child: ch 6

QuestionAnswer
Mitosis Facilitates growth & development or cell replacement
Meiosis Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)
Oogenesis The process of egg (ovum) ovum formation, begins during fetal life of the female; *X chromosome*
Zygote The united egg & sperm
Spermatogenesis The process that begins in a male’s testes when he reaches puberty; *Y chromosome*
Conception The union of a single egg & sperm, marks the beginning of pregnancy
Fertilization Occurs in the fallopian tube
Trophoblast Gives rise to the placenta
Bryoblast Gives rise to the embryo
Implantation Occurs in the uterus; the trophoblast secretes enzymes that enable it to burrow into the endometrium until the entire blastocyst is covered
Amniotic fluid Maintains fetal temp, oral fluid, elimination, fluid & electrolyte balance, cushion, allows freedom of movement, has antibacterial factors, & keeps embryo from tangling with membranes. *Having less than 300 mL -> fetal renal abnormalities*
Yolk sac 1st source of nutrition & oxygen; forms around day 8 & lasts until week 10; it dissolves when placenta occurs
Umbilical cord Has 2 arteries (carries things away) & 1 vein (goes toward the baby); baby can survive with one of each (compensation); Wharton’s jelly surrounds the vessels to prevent compression & to ensure continued nourishment of the embryo or fetus
Nuchal cord When the cord is wrapped around the fetal neck
Placenta Provides hormones, functions as the lungs for the fetus, & provides nutrition, excretion, & storage; circulation function depends on the maternal BP; it does not provide blood products (baby makes own blood supply)
Isoimmunization The mother may develop antibodies to the fetal RBCs; ex: RH - negative mom becomes sensitive to RH - positive fetus
hCG This hormone is the basis for pregnancy tests
hPL Similar to a growth hormone & stimulates the maternal metabolism to supply nutrients needed for fetal growth
Progesterone Maintains the endometrium, decreases the contractions of the uterus, & stimulates maternal metabolism & development of breast alveoli
Estrogen Stimulates uterine growth & uteroplacental blood flow
Supine hypotension When a woman lies on her back with the pressure of the uterus compression the vena cava, blood return to the right atrium is diminished
Braxton Hicks contractions Painless contractions that occur intermittently after the 1st trimester; it’s to enhance blood flowing, aiding in placental circulation
Viability Refers to the capability of the fetus to survive outside the uterus & is usually defined by fetal weight & pregnancy duration for statistical & legal purposes; starts at 20 weeks
Ideal prematurity 32 weeks (surfactant) - 34 weeks (eat, suck, swallow, & breathe)
Ductus arteriosus Special circulatory pathway that bypasses the lungs since the fetal lungs do not function for respiratory gas exchange
Ductus venosus This branch circulates sine oxygenated blood through the liver
Foramen ovale An opening into the left atrium that blood passes straight through
Cephalocaudal Head-to-rump development; the pattern of supplying oxygen & the nutrients to the head, neck, & arms enhances this development
Fetal development Weeks 1 - 8: period of the embryo; week 12: gender (can be week 9 through a blood test); week 16: more concrete gender reveal; week 32: more viable
Hematopoiesis The formation of blood; occurs in the yolk sac
Meconium Fetal waste products that appear as dark green to black & tarry
Vernix caseosa The white, cheesy material that protects fetal skin
Lanugo Very fine hairs
Dizygotic twins Two zygotes that result from multiple matured ova being produced in one ovarian cycle; fraternal twins; likelihood increases with maternal age & the use of assisted reproductive technology
Teratogens Environmental factors that can produce abnormalities in the embryo or fetus
Created by: tatianalopez03
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