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Biology Chapter 48
Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell Body | most of the neuron's organelles, including the nucleus are found here. |
| Dendrites | branched extensions that receive signals |
| Axon | -one per a neuron -the section that transmit signals to other cells |
| Axon-Hillock | cone-shaped region of the axon that joins the dell body -the region where the signals that ravel down the axon are generated |
| Resting Potential | the membrane potenial of a resting neuron (-70mV) -anions inside cell keep balance by attracting K+ to stay inside the cell |
| What two ions that play a key role in resting/action potential? What are their locations inside and outside the cell? | Inside: K+ Outside: Na+ |
| At resting potential what is favored? | A net outflow of K+ |
| Why is membrane potential -70mV? | Because there are many open K+ channels, but only a small number of open Na+ channels. |
| How does action potential travel down an axon? | As Na+ is sent through the voltage-gated ion channels, those channels close and new channels that are farther down the axon open due to depolarization. |
| How is resting potential restored? | Voltage-Gated ion channels inactivate soon after opening -influx of Na+ causes rapid outflow of K+ -membrane permeability to K+ goes higher then at rest and eventually the K+ gated channels close and the membrane potential returns to resting potential. |
| State what Excitatory Post Synaptic Neurotransmitter are. | -neurotransmitters that bind to a ligand gated ion channels and allow ions (K+ and Na+) to diffuse into the post-synaptic cell -this depolarizes the membrane toward the threshold |
| State what Inhibitory Post Synaptic Neurotransmitters are. | -neurotransmitters that bind to a ligand gated ion channels and allow ions (K+ and Cl-) to diffuse into the post-synaptic cell -this hyperbolizes the membrane away from the threshold |
| How are neurotransmitter processed after they are released by the ligand-gated ion channel? | -removed by diffusion -reabsorbed by active transport into the pre-synaptic cell and re-packaged into vesicles -taken by an enzyme that catalyzes the neurotransmitter by hydrolysis -transported to the glia-to be metabolized for fuel. |
| What does Acetylcholine do as an EPSP? | -binds to ligand-gated ion channels in muscle cells producing EPSP |
| What does Acetylcholine do as an IPSP? | - released by neurons in the heart which activates a signal transduction pathway. The G-proteins in the pathway inhibit adenyl cyclase and open potassium channels in the muscle membrane both reduce heart rate contractions |
| What does Serotonin do in the CNS? | affect mood, sleep, attention, and learning |
| How is Serotonin related to depression? | - believed that too much serotonin re-uptake into the pre-synaptic cell causes depression. |
| How is Serotonin processed? | synthesized from the amino acid typtophan |
| What does Prozac do? | -selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) - inhibits the reabsorbtion of serotonin -used as an antidepressant |
| What are MAOi's? | Monoamine Oxidase inhibitors (MAOi) -reduces the breakdown of serotonin, epinephrine, and no-epinephrine. |
| What is Dopamine? | affects mood, sleep, attention, and learning -catecholamine neurotransmitter |
| What disease is associated with Parkinson's disease and why? | lack of Dopamine in the brain -Parkinson's Disease |
| What are Schwann Cells | -wrap around axon of neurons (myelination) -helps insulate and increase the speed of transmission -found in the PNS |
| What are oligodendricites? | -wrap around axon of neurons (myelination) -helps insulate and increase the speed of transmission -found in the CNS |
| What does myelination of the axon due? | Causes depolarizing current associated with an action potential to spread farther along to axon, bringing more distant regions of the membrane to the threshold sooner. |
| Why are action potentials an all-or-nothing process? | This is because the depolarization of the membrane has to reach a threshold in order for the action potential to be released. |
| How to cells signal each other? Know: -Ca+ -pre/post synaptic cells -synaptic vesicles -synaptic cleft | Once an action potential reaches the Ca+ channels and opens then, Ca+ floods in and causes synaptic vesicles (filled with NT's) to release into the synaptic cleft by exocitosis -NTs attach to ligand-gated ion channels on presynaptic cell and allow ions i |
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