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AnP1 Final Review
Accumulation of Long Exam questions and answers
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| One of the roles of cholesterol in the cell membrane is to: | stabilize the membrane |
| This component of the cell membrane allows the body to distinguish “self” from “non-self” particles. | carbohydrate |
| The major lipids in the cell membrane are: | phospholipids and cholesterol |
| In cells that are not actively dividing, DNA is: | tangled in a ball of chromatin |
| Intracellular fluid is also known as: | cytosol |
| A flagellum can only be found on a(n): | sperm cell |
| The small body in the nucleus that assembles ribosome subunits is called the | nucleolus |
| An organelle that produces energy for the cell is called a(n) | mitochondrion |
| Small bodies involved in the manufacture of proteins are | ribosomes |
| A particular cell type specializes in breaking down harmful by-products of metabolism. This cell type would contain very high levels of: | peroxisomes |
| Two separate cells require different amounts of energy. The muscle cell must generate large supplies of ATP. The skin cell requires very little ATP. Based solely on information provided in this question, these two cells would differ in the abundance of: | mitochondria |
| Vesicles move through the cell body on a network of tracks known as: | microtubules |
| Microvilli and cilia are formed from what type of cytoskeletal filament? | Microfilaments |
| Cells die a natural death in the process known as: | apoptosis |
| In DNA replication, two distinct nuclei form during which phase? | Telophase |
| If a cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to: | divide |
| The correct order of the stages in mitosis is | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| The phase of mitosis when the chromosomes pull apart is: | anaphase |
| The RNA found in ribosomes is called | rRNA |
| Ribosomes participate in the process of | translation |
| What effect does diffusion usually have on the concentration gradient? | no change |
| Which of the following processes requires ATP? | active transport |
| Which of the following processes moves a substance that can freely pass through the cell membrane? | simple diffusion |
| A cell will shrink if it is dropped into a solution that is: | hypertonic |
| The process by which the cell “takes out the trash” is called: | exocytosis |
| Epithelial tissue that is arranged in layers of boxy cells that allow an organ to stretch is called: | stratified cuboidal epithelium |
| The layer of tissue between the epithelium and the connective tissue beneath it is known as the: | basement membrane |
| Adipocytes are to adipose tissue as osteocyte is to: | bone tissue |
| The secreting cells of the pituitary gland are constructed from: | epithelial cells |
| The main components of atoms are protons, neutrons, and | electrons |
| The atomic number for technetium is 43, its atomic mass is 98. How many neutrons are in one atom of technetium? | 55 |
| The atomic number of phosphorus is 15. How many protons does phosphorus have? | 15 |
| A substance composed of two or more different elements participating in a chemical bond is a(n) | compound |
| A substance that has a name ending in –ase is most likely a(n): | enzyme |
| Proteins are complex molecules composed of: | amino acids |
| The functional groups that make up protein are joined by an atom of _______ | carbon |
| Which of the following substances is not a potential building block of nucleotides? | fatty acid |
| ––CH3 is an example of a: | functional group |
| A positively charged ion is called a(n) | cation |
| The fact that you can blink your eyelids is an example of: | Function |
| A reaction in which simple compounds are assembled into more complex compounds is most accurately described as a(n): | Anabolic reaction |
| The basic units of life are | Cells |
| Arteries, capillaries, veins, and the heart are all parts of the ______ system | cardiovascular |
| The difference between the inside of the refrigerator and the inside of the freezer is called the | Temperature gradient |
| The body's effort to maintain a steady state is termed: | Homeostasis |
| Which of the following is the best example of positive feedback? | Going through labor and delivering a baby |
| A term that means farther from the midline of the body is: | Lateral |
| The layer of membrane tissue that is attached to the organs is called the: | visceral layer |
| The most inferior medial region of the abdomen is the: | hypogastric region |
| Oxygen makes up about ______ of the air we breathe (ambient air). | 20% |
| Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeleton? | sodium storage |
| Which of these is not a flat bone? | talus |
| Bone growth in children occurs in the ________. | epiphyseal plates |
| The funnel-shaped area at the end of a long bone is called the____. | metaphysis |
| The tissue that covers the ends of long bones is called____. | articular cartilage |
| Osteocytes are____. | mature bone cells that maintain bone |
| Osteoid, a bone collagen, is produced by which type of bone cell? | Osteoblasts |
| Endochondral ossification is____. | the grinding together of two bones after the cartilage between them wears away |
| If you wanted to find chondroblasts in a growing long bone, where would you look? | In the epiphyseal plate |
| Molly, 52, active in menopause w/ a family history of osteoporosis so she wants do what she can to avoid bone fragility. She exercises regularly, takes prescribed estrogen & over-the-counter calcium supplements. What should her doctor suggest for her? | Take 400 IU of vitamin D daily, and carry your own suitcases when you travel |
| Increased parathyroid activity could result in ____. | kidney stones |
| Ballet students spend a great deal of time perfecting their execution of this action: | plantar flexion |
| You're playing baseball Sunday afternoon and a wild pitch hits you right in the mouth, cracking your lower jaw. Which bone is damaged? | Your mandible |
| An air cavity within the skull is called a ____. | sinus |
| What is the importance of the sella turcica? | It holds the pituitary gland in the cranium |
| Before they fuse to become permanent bone, the cranial bones of an infant are separated by soft membranous areas called_____. | fontanels |
| ____ is a medical term that refers to cartilage of the ribs. | costochondral |
| Mucus membranes: | contain cilia |
| The glands that become blocked, resulting in blackheads, are called | sebaceous glands |
| Hair and nails are made up of a protein called | keratin |
| The hard keratin that makes up fingernails is synthesized by cells in the | stratum corneum |
| The keratin-filled uppermost layer of the epidermis is called the | stratum corneum |
| New cells grow from the deepest layer of the epidermis, the | stratum basale |
| Most of the cells in the dermis are | fibroblasts |
| Which of the following conditions can be determined by observing a person's skin color? | Concentration of hemoglobin in the blood |
| Dendritic cells in the epidermis | seek and destroy bacteria |
| The layer of skin immediately inferior to the dermis is | adipose tissue |
| Ms J spent a month in Florida, and returned to Ohio with a light tan. The tan reflects an increase in | melanin |
| Which of these is NOT a method or characteristic by which our skin protects us from infection? | Antibodies on the outermost layer of the epidermis |
| The action of blood vessels near the skin constricting to preserve heat is performed by | precapillary sphincters |
| Which of the following is NOT a function of skin? | breathing |
| The maintenance of constant body temperature would be difficult without the actions of the | eccrine glands |
| Electrical synapses convey signals between cells via | gap junctions |
| Nodes of Ranvier are important because they are | the naked points on the axon between myelinated spaces where action potentials travel |
| Graded potentials: | can be added together |
| Evan wants to get his sister Lauren's attention. He taps her shoulder softly at first, and then progressively harder. With each successive hit, action potentials in Lauren's neurons get | more frequent |
| Depolarization would occur if: | calcium cations enter the cell |
| A cell has a very strong electric gradient, with a relative excess of anions inside the cell. The membrane potential of this cell is most likely: | -100 mV |
| Resting membrane potential is | -70 mV |
| If an excess of cations accumulates in the cytosol, | the extracellular fluid acquires an excess of anions |
| Which of the following is true about neurons? | Axons are covered in places by myelin |
| The resting membrane potential is negative because: | potassium ions are always leaking out of the cell. |
| Antagonists frequently: | bind the receptor without inducing a cellular response. |
| c-AMP (cyclic AMP) is a second messenger associated with which of the following? | G-protein–coupled receptors |
| Enzyme-linked receptors: | generate active proteins within the cytosol to effect a functional change in the cell |
| Proteins that change a cell's activity when bound by a chemical signal are called: | receptors |
| A general term describing and chemical that binds a receptor is: | ligand |
| Neurotransmitters enter the synaptic cleft from the axon terminal. | True |
| Sodium can pass through the cell membrane only by means of the sodium/potassium pump | False |
| In living human cells, there is a higher concentration of potassium in intracellular fluid than in extracellular fluid. | True |
| Which of the following senses is a special sense? | Taste |
| Which of the following senses is a general sense? | Proprioception |
| You are eating a taco as your plane descends. Which of the following would not be detected by the somatic senses? Rising heat, your lips burning, a change in air pressure, the cilantro flavor in the taco sauce | The cilantro flavor in the taco sauce |
| An analgesic is used to treat ____. | Pain |
| If you hold your arm motionless in the air, which receptors are most important in informing you of your hand position? | Proprioceptors |
| Your biceps are contracted. Which bodies inform you about the amount of muscle tension? | Golgi and tendons |
| What cranial nerve(s) are involved in conveying taste signals to the brain? | CN VII (facial), CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus) |
| Olfactory epithelium is involved in the sense of ____. | Smell |
| In what sensory modality are axon dendrites suspended in a mucus layer? | Taste |
| The medical term for eardrum is ____. | Tympanic Membrane |
| The ossicle of the ear that is in contact with the tympanic membrane is the ____. | Malleus |
| Cerumen is _____. | The waxy secretion of glands in the auditory canal |
| What is the medical name for the organ of hearing on either side of your head? | Pinna |
| The 8th cranial nerve is the ____. | Vestibulocochlear nerve |
| If you had to find a crista ampullaris, where would you look? | The semicircular canals |
| While at the beach, a huge wave knocks you over and you get pushed under water. You're struggling to regain your balance. What receptors are trying to help you determine "which way is up" and out of danger? | Maculae |
| The semicircular canals detect ____. | Spinning movements |
| You are descending in an elevator, but otherwise motionless. Which sensory receptors will be activated? | Maculae |
| The middle, pigmented layer of the eye is ____. | Choroid |
| The eye muscle that circles the bottom part of the eyeball is the ____. | Inferior oblique |
| The "blind spot" is also called the ____. | Optic Disc |
| The iris is part of the ____. | Vascular tunic |
| Tears are produced in the _____. | Lacrimal gland |
| Which of the following muscles is not one of the eye muscles? Lateral oblique, inferior rectus, superior oblique, medial rectus | Lateral oblique |
| Which tunic forms the cornea? | Fibrous tunic |
| Tightening of the suspensory ligaments of the eye causes ____. | The lens to flatten |
| A ray of light hitting the eye follows which of the following pathways? | Cornea > aqueous humor > iris > lens > vitreous humor > retina |
| Which of the following does NOT play a role in light refraction? Aqueous humor, iris, lens, cornea | Iris |
| The receptors for vision are the ____. | Rods and cones |
| Rhodopsin is the pigment found in the ____. | Rods |
| Ocular cones are concentrated in what part of the eye? | Fovea Centralis |
| What part of the diencephalon is responsible for "jet lag"? | Pineal gland |
| Nuclei in the ____ regulate heartbeat and respiration rates. | Medulla Oblongata |
| The ____ nerve is th3e main sensory nerve of the face and head. | Trigeminal |
| The brachial plexus supplies motor impulses to the muscles of the ____. | Shoulder |
| How many coccygeal nerves are there? | 1 |
| In the autonomic nervous system, sensory and motor neurons carry signals to and away from the ____. | Hypothalamus |
| Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter used in synapses between ____. | A sympathetic motor neuron and a cell lining the small intestine |
| What are the actions of the sympathetic nervous system? | Changes in BP, dilation of pupils, stimulation of adrenal gland |
| The parasympathetic ganglia are called ____. | Terminal Ganglia |
| The muscle that closes the lips is the ____. | Orbicularis Oris |
| Which of the following is not NOT a muscle of the head? Sacrospinalis, buccinator, masseter, temporal | Sacrospinalis |
| What muscle allows you to exhale? | Internal intercostal |
| What does trumpeter Wynton Marsalis have most in common with the great 20th century jazz trumpeter Louis Armstong? | Well-developed buccinator muscle |
| What is the prime mover when you smile? | Zygomaticus |
| An important characteristic of smooth muscle is that ____. | The major source of calcium is the extracellular fluid |
| What is try about smooth muscle? | Myosin heads appear along the entire length of thick filaments |
| Your neighbor just returned home after a month long hospital stay after abdominal surgery. He is a construction worker and wants to get back to work ASAP, but must be strong enough. What do you recommend? | Do leg squats holding 10lb weights, increasing 2lbs every other day |
| The compound that stores oxygen in muscle cells is ____. | Myoglobin |
| The enzyme that catalyzes glycogenolysis is _____. | Glycogen Phosphorylase |
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