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NUR 614 Ch. 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Growth hormone: | - Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in pulses- 70% at night - Promotes growth and increase in organ size - Regulates carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism |
| Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH): | Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release growth hormone |
| Somatostatin or Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIBH): | Inhibits secretion of both GHRH and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I): | In conjunction with growth hormone, stimulates muscle and skeletal growth. |
| Sex steroids (androgens): | - Secreted by the adrenal glands - Stimulate increased secretion of the growth hormone, which mediates the increase in IGF-I - Promote masculinization of the secondary sex characteristics |
| Testosterone: | - Enhances muscular development and sexual maturation - Promotes bone maturation and epiphyseal closure. |
| Estrogen: | - Stimulates breast tissue growth - Regulates timing of growth spurt -Acceleration of skeletal maturation and epiphyseal fusion |
| Leptin has a key role in _______; Its concentration is thought to be a trigger for ________ | 1. Regulating body fat mass 2. puberty by informing the CNS that adequate nutritional status and body fat mass are present to support pubertal changes and growth. |
| Thyroid hormone stimulates | - growth hormone secretion and the production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and interleukins 6 and 8 (IL-6 and IL-8), which have an important role in bone formation and resorption. |
| Ghrelin | a peptide, known as the “hunger hormone,” helps control growth hormone release and influences food intake and obesity development |
| Skeletal growth is complete when the | epiphyses of long bones have completely fused at the end of puberty |
| Lymphatic tissues are well developed at ____. These tissues grow rapidly to reach adult size by _______. By age ________, the lymphatic tissues are at their peak, about double adult size. During ________, they decrease to adult size | 1. Birth 2. 6 years of age 3. 10 to 12 years 4. Adolescence |
| The reproductive organs double in size during _________, achieving maturation and function. | Adolescence |
| The _____________ completes physical development more quickly than any other body part | - Brain - Skull - Eyes - Ears |
| At ________, the brain's structure is complete, by ___________, most brain growth is completed. | 1. Birth 2. 3 years of age |
| During adolescence, the size of the head further increases because of the development of. | Air sinuses and thickening of the scalp and skull. |
| Physical stature declines in older adults beginning at approximately | - 50 years of age. - the intervertebral disk begins to thin and become more compressed |
| Legs grow the fastest during ________. The trunk grows fastest in _______. The skeletal muscles and organs grow fastest in _________. and the head grows the fastest during the _________. | - Childhood - Infancy - Early adulthood - Fetal period |
| 50% of growth occurs during | Adolescent years |
| Healthy term infants double their birth weight by _____ and triple by _____ | - 4-5 m.o - 1 y.o |
| Normal growth velocities for age: -First 2 months of life: -2 months-1 year: -1-2 years: -2-4 years: -4-5 years: -5 years-puberty: | -First 2 months of life: 38 cm/yr -2 months-1 year: 12 cm/yr -1-2 years: 10 cm/yr -2-4 years: 7 cm/yr -4-5 years: 6 cm/yr -5 years-puberty: 5 cm/yr |
| Pubertal growth spurts: - Girls (around Tanner 2-3): - Boys (around Tanner 4): | - Girls (around Tanner 2-3): 10 cm/yr - Boys (around Tanner 4): 12 cm/yr |
| a parameter of growth calculated by charting changes in height over a time interval. | Velocity- height should be measure Q 12 months |
| nutrients required by the body in large amounts (carbohy-drates, fats, and proteins) | Macronutrients |
| Sexual Maturity Rating (SMR) | a marker used to determine a child's pubertal development |
| Ballards assessment tool | an assessment tool that evaluates 6 physical and 6 neuro-muscular characteristics within 36 hours of birth to establish or confirm the newborn's gestational age |
| - A measure of fat distribution by body type - Waist circumference (cm): Height (cm) | Waist to height ratio |
| vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes required and stored by the body in small amounts. | Micronutrients |
| length of an infant from birth to 24 months of age measured in the supine position on the measuring device. | Recumbent length |
| falling one or more standard deviations off growth curve pattern; below the 3-5 percentile for weight and height | Failure to thrive |
| Ballard GA Assessment Tool: Appropriate for GA: Small for GA: < Large for GA: > | - 10th - 90th weight % - <10th weight % – risk of respiratory distress and hypoglycemia ->90th weight % – risk of birth injury, respiratory distress, IVH, BPD - SGA and LGA babies have a higher risk for morbidity and mortality |
| Arm span that exceeds height is associated with | Marfan syndrome. |
| The upper-to-lower segment ratio should be calculated..... Higher upper to lower ratio is associated with | - When a child is suspected of having a growth problem or unusual body proportions - Bone disorders |
| Thelarche: Adrenarche: Menarche: | - Breast enlargement (fatty versus glandular) - Pubic/axillary hair development (true or adrenal) - Onset of menstrual cycles |
| Chronic Illness: associated with _____ pubertal onset with exception of | - Late - CNS disease (early) |
| Growth at puberty is dependent on the interaction of _____. The sex steroids stimulate an increased secretion of _____, which in turn mediates the dramatic increase in _____. This leads to the..... | - growth hormone, IGF-1, leptin, and the sex steroids - GH - IGF-1 - Adolescent growth spurt. |
| Acromegaly | - Excessive growth and distorted proportions d/t hypersecretion of GH and IGF-1 after closure of the epiphyses - Frontal skull bossing, cranial ridges, mandibular overgrowth & widening |
| Cushing Syndrome | - Prolonged and excessively high exposure to glucocorticoids - Bufflo hump, hyperpigmentation, preauricular fat, round face |
| Turner Syndrome | - Partial or complete absence of a second X chromosome - Webb neck, wide spaced nipples |
| Growth Hormone Deficiency | - Failure of the anterior pituitary to secrete adequate growth hormone to support growth in stature |
| Central Precocious Puberty | Onset of secondary sexual characteristics before: - 7 y.o in white girls - 6 y.o in black girls - 9 y.o in males with progressive sexual maturation |
| Delayed Puberty | - Lack of testicular enlargement by 14 y.o in boys - Lack of breast development by 13 y.o or absence of menarche by 16 y.o in females |
| Short Stature: Height- Abnormal growth velocity- | - <3rd percentile, (-2SD) for age/sex, significantly below genetic potential (-2 SD from mid-parental height) - <5 cm/year from 3 y.o - puberty or downwardly crossing percentiles (after age 18 months) |
| Tall Stature may be d/t.... | Precocious Puberty, Kleinfelter Syndrome (XXY male), Acromegaly or Gigantism, Soto Syndrome, Marfan Syndrome, Homocysteinuria, obesity driven early growth in childhood |
| BMI: Most common method to assess nutritional status and total body fat - Formula= - Undernutrition: - Appropriate weight for height: - Overweight: - Obese: | - Formula= Undernutrition: under 18.5 Appropriate weight for height: 18.5 to 24.9 Overweight: 25 to 29.9 Obese: 30 or greater |
| Pt. of norm. weight w/ inc. waist circum. have inc. disease risk: - Large waist circumference (>35 inches in women, >40 inches in men) is associated with increased risk for... | - Type 2 diabetes - Dyslipidemia - Hypertension - Cardiovascular disease |
| Guidelines for Physical Activity by Age - 6-17 y.o - 18-64 y.o | - 6-17 y.o: 60 min. or more daily - 18-64 y.o: atleast 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes a week of vigorous-intensity |
| The rate of obesity is highest among | non-Hispanic blacks (48.1%) |
| Cancers linked to poor diet include | Breast, endometrial, colon, kidney, gallbladder, and liver. |
| Gonads secrete _________ during ________ | - testosterone and estrogen - puberty |
| Rising levels of testosterone and estrogen trigger release of ________; stimulating the gonads to | - gonadotropins (LH & FSH) from hypothalamus - release more sex hormones causing genitalia to begin growing to adult proportions |
| Maturation occurs at a mean age of _____ in females and ______ in males. | - 11.5 years - 13.5 years |
| Developmental changes of puberty are caused mainly by the interaction of the | pituitary gland, gonads, and hypothalamus |
| Gender-specific skeletal differences first occur during | Adolescence |
| Most adult obesity begins in | Adolescence |
| Skeletal mass and organ systems double in size during | adolescence |
| The growing fetus accounts for ________ of the total weight gained | - 6 to 8 pounds |
| The rate of weight gain during pregnancy is expected to be | Greatest in the second trimester |
| Formula-fed infants grow _______ in the first 6 months of life than breast fed infants and experience _________ growth in the second 6 months of the first year | - Faster - Slower |
| Infants born to the same parents are normally within which range of weight of each other? | 6 ounces |
| To measure head circumference, the tape is wrapped snugly around the child’s head at the | occipital protuberance and the supraorbital prominence |
| Between the ages of 5 months and 2 years, the infant’s chest circumference should | closely approximate the head circumference |
| Most adolescent girls will develop _____ before they develop ______ | - Breasts - Pubic hair |
| Expected weight gain in the first trimester is variable, between _________; however, in the second and third trimesters, weekly weight gain should be around ______ | - 1 and 2 kg (2 to 4 pounds) - 0.45 kg (1 pound) per week. |
| The nutrients that may be deficient in a vegetarian diet, if not carefully planned, include | proteins, calcium, iron, vitamin B12, and vitamin D |
| Medications that contribute to weight gain include | steroids, oral contraceptives, antidepressants, and insulin. |
Created by:
cheekma14
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