Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Chapter 15
Gram negative
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What bacteria are gram-negative, facultative anaerobe bacilli? | Enterobacteriaceae, |
| Enterobacteriaceae, | can be isolated from urine, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and they can be followed by biochemical tests (culture and biochemical test) |
| how are Enterobacteriaceae treated | diarrhea is self-limits and internal infections cam be treated w antimicrobials |
| How is Enterobacteriaceae prevented | good personal hygiene and proper sewage control. if enter sterile areas can cause disease bc they are opportunistic. |
| List the coliform opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae | |
| Which is the most important/common coliform Enterobacteriaceae | E.coli |
| Where can endogenous E. coli be found? are they virulent? | endogenous strains are found in human intestines and can cause disease when they are transferred to abnormal body locale |
| Where are exogenous E. coli found | in animal intestines and can be transmitted throught ingestion of ingestion by contaminated food and water. |
| how are are the particular strains of ecoli identified | using E. coli antigens |
| Escherichia coli endogenous strains posses what features that help its pathogenicity | capsule and flagella |
| E. coli exogenous strains posses what virulence factors that help its pathogenicity | 1. capsule 2. flagella. 3. virulence plasmids containing genes for fimbriae 4. adhesion, 5.type II secretions systems 6. exotoxins (shiga-like toxin (names after shigella although ecoli also possess this) |
| Shiga-like toxin does what? | shuts down protein synthesis, leading to apoptosis |
| What disease do endogenous E. coli cause | UTI's mostly |
| Exogenous E. coli cause what diseases | Gastroenteritis is the most common produce diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and vomiting often mediates by enterotoxins Hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (Destroy intestinal system) |
| List *** E. coli pathogenesis: virulence factors | 1. E. coli introduced to urethra, uses flagella to move 2. adheres to epithelial cells in urethrae using fimbriae 3. |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | is non motile, most commonly isolated pathogenic species |
| What disease does klebsiella pneumoniae cause | Pneumonia (deadly kind), opportunistic infections such as UTI's and wound infections, bacteremia, meningitis) |
| Where can klebsiella pneumoniae be found | in digestive and respiratory system of humans and animals, |
| How is Klebsiella pneumoniae transmitted | through respiratory droplets and iatrogenic means |
| Serratia marcescens | produces red pigment when grown at room temp |
| What is the epidemiology of S. marcescens? | found in human respiratory tract and urinary tract, can grow on catheters, saline solutions, and other hospital supplies |
| How is S. marcescens transmitted | by iatrogenic means |
| What is the pathogenicity of S. marcescens | capsule and flagella, frequently resistant to antimicrobial drugs |
| What disease does S. marcescens cause | HAI, respiratory. and UTI's |
| Proteus mirabilis | non coliform opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae |
| What is the epidemiology of proteus mirabilis? | found in human intestines and in environment transmitted by iatrogenic routes usually urinary catheterization |
| What is the pathogenicity of Proteus mirabilis | fimbriae and flagella with a swarming motility, urease, and is resistant to antimicrobial drugs |
| what is swarming motility and how can it be detected? | *** |
| What disease does proteus mirabilis cause | Associates with UTI, in patients with long term catheters (ingestion) induced kidney stones can develop |
| what are some examples of UTI's | *** |
| Truly pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae are almost always what? | almost always pathogenic due to virulence factors |
| What are examples of true pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae | What are examples of true pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae |
| What toxins/virulence factor do true pathogenic secrete | Type III secretions systems |
| Introduction of Type III secretions systems proteins into host cells via pili cause what | inhibition of phagocytosis, rearrangement of cytoskeletons of eukaryotic cells, and induction of apoptosis |
| Salmonella have about how many strains | ~2500 strains |
| What is the main species of Salmonella | Salmonella enterica, causes disease in humans |
| What are the two subspecies of Salmonella enterica | S. enterica Typhimurium and S. enterica Typhi |
| S. enterica Typhimurium have what epidemiology | found in intestines of birds, reptiles, and mammals , also commonly contaminates poultry and eggs. transmitted by ingestion of contaminated food and water (fecal oral route) |
| What is the pathogenicity of S. enterica Typhimurium | Lipid A, capsule, fimbriae, flagella, can survive and reproduce inside endosome Toxins: Type III secretion systems |
| What disease does Salmonella enterica Typhiumurium cause | Salmonellosis, which leads to Gastroenteritis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, developes within 48 hours of ingestion |
| What is the treatment for S. enterica Typhiumurium | usually self limiting in non-immunocompromised individuals |
| What is the epidemiology of S. enterica Typhi | Found in the intestines of humans only, transmitted by ingesting contaminated food an water (fecal oral route) |
| Pathogenicity of S. enterica Typhi | Lipid A, capsule, fimbriae, flagella, can survive and reproduce inside endosomes Tocins: type III secretion systems bacteria attach and colonize enterocytes of the small intestines |
| What disease does S. enterica Typhi cause | Typhoid fever |
| Salmonella enterica diagnosed? | presences of bacterium in clinal specimen from isolation |
| How is salmonellosis treated | using fluids and electrolyte replacement |
| How is typhoid fever treated | w/ antimicrobial drugs gallbladder may be removed from carriers to prevent infections of others vaccines provide temporary protection to travelers prevention relies on proper sewage and water treatment |
| Shiagella | is nonmotile, parasite of the diagestive tract of humans, produce diarrhea inducing enterotoxins |
| What are the four defined species of shigella | Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei |
| Shigella spp epidemiology | Found in feces, food, fomites, fingers, flies transmitted by ingestion of contaminated food and water, or contaminated fingers (fecal oral route) |
| Pathogenicity of Shigella spp | lipid A, capsule, fimbriae, and can survive and reproduce inside endocytic vesicles Type II secretion system and shiga toxins (only found in S, dystenteriae) produces more severe disease bacteria attach and colonize cells of the colon |
| What disease does Shigella spp cause | Shigellosis: Dysentery: Bloody, mucousy diarrhea, painful abdominal cramps. |
| What treatment is used with shigella spp | typically, self-limiting: fluid and electrolyte replacement |
| mechanism of action for shigella? | *** |
| Yersenia species | Yersinia pestis and Yersinia enterolytica |
| Yersinia pestis | highly virulent, non-enteric pathogen, causes bubonic and pneumonic plague |
| Yersinia enterolytica | acquires by consumption of contaminated food or water causes inflammation of the intestinal tract |
| What is the epidemiology of Yersinia pestis | found in animal carriers (mice and voles) and in flea vectors transmitted by flea bites |
| What is the pathogenicity of Yersinia pestis | capsule allows survival in phagocytic cells Type ii secretions systems Bacteria that enters throught subcutaneous skin are phagocytized but not killed in lymph nodes, causes buboes in blood, cause DIC (goes to liver, lungs and other organs |
| Buboes | swollen, painful lymph nodes |
| What disease does Yersinia pestis cause | Bubonic plague and pneumonic plague |
| bubonic plague | high fever, chills, extreme fatigue, buboes bacterimia, DIC, tissue necrosis (black death) death occurs in 50% of untreated patients |
| Pneumonic plague | deadly pneumonia 100% fatal in untreated cases |
| route of mechanism for Yersinia | *** |
| Diagnosis of Y. pestis? | fast progression and deadliness of the plague characteristic symptoms are usually diagnostic |
| Treatment of Y. pestis | many antimicrobial drugs are effective |
| What are the 5 common infection cites for Enterobacteriaceae pathogens | CNS, LRS, bloodstream, GI tract, UT |
| Pasteurellaceae two main genera | Pasteurella and Haemophilus |
| What disease is caused from Pasteurella | Pasteurella moltocida |
| what disease caused by Haemophilius | Haemophilius influenzae |
| What is the structure of Pasteurella | small bacilli |
| What is the physiology of The Pasteurellaceae | oxidase + |
| Pasteurella multocida epidemiology | found in the mouth and nasopharyngeal cavities of animals (mostly cats and dogs) Transmitted by animal bites and scratches |
| What is the pathogenicity of P. multocida | capsules, bacteria enter subcutaneous tissue and cause infection |
| What disease does P. multocida cause | cases produce local inflammation (cellulitis, swollen lymph nodes) widespread infection and bacteremia can occur in immunosuppressed individuals |
| diagnosis of Pasteurella multocida | identified by bacteria in patient specimens |
| Treatment of P. multocida | antibacterial drugs are effective treatment |
| prevention of P. multocida | cleansing wounds and prophylactic antibiotics (what does this mean) |
| Haemophilus structure | small pleomorphic bacilli requires heme and NAD+ to grow |
| Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB) epidemiology | found in the URT of humans (the only reservoirs) transmitted through inhalation of respiratory droplets |
| What is the pathogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB) | capsule for type B only, IgA (found in mucous membranes) protease, bacteria colonize nasopharynx and can spread to sinuses inner ear, lungs, blood, and brain |
| What diseases are caused by HiB | sinusitis, conjunctivitis, otitis media, pneumoniae, commonly cause of meningitis of prior to vaccination (usually in children) |
| Diagnosis of HiB | identification of HiB |
| what color do gram-negative bacteria stain | pink |
| Why do gram-negative bacteria constitute the largest group of human bacterial pathogens | due in part to the lipid A in all gram-negative bacterial cell wall |
| What does lipid A endotoxin do? | triggers fever, shock, vasodilation, inflammation, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) |
| What requirements are there for most gram-negative bacteria to cause disease | breach skin or mucous membrane, grow at 37C, and evade human immune system |
| When initially attempting to classify bacteria what should be done first? | classify into broad groups based on microscopic morphology and unique intracellular pathogens |
| What are the six groups of gram-negative bacteria | 1. cocci 2. Rods (bacilli) 3. vibrio's 4. spirilla 5. spirochete 6. unique obligate intracellular pathogens |
| What are the pathogen species of the gram-negative cocci genus | Neisseria gonorrhea and Neisseria meningitis |
| How can you differentiate between N. gonorrhea and N. meningitis | N. gonorrhea cannot ferment maltose but N. meningitis can |
| How do you begin to classify gram-negative rod/coccobacilli pathogens | by their oxygen classification (facultative anaerobes, obligate aerobes, and obligate anaerobes |
| How can facultative anaerobe, gram-negative bacilli be divided? | using an oxidase test |
| What are possible results for the facultative anaerobe, gram-negative bacilli oxidase test | - (enterobacteriaceae) and + (Pasteurellacea)_ |
| Family Enterobacteriaceae can be subdivided into what two groups based on virulence? | Opportunistic and true pathogens |
| How can gram negative, facultative anaerobe Enterobacteriaceae opportunistic pathogens be distinguished | by their ability to ferment lactose to acids and CO2 (coliforms) or not (non-coliforms |
| Family Pasteurellaceae can be divided into what two groups and based on what | NAD+ and heme- requirements |
| Obligate aerobic gram-negative bacilli can be divided into what two groups based on what requirement | divided into two groups based on their nutrient requirements (fastidious or non-fastidious) |
| Obligate anaerobe, gram-negative bacilli can be differentiated based on what | ability to grow on bile esculin agar |
| What is the structure of pathogenic gram negative cocci Neisseria? | can be found in pairs (diplococci), and each individual cell has a coffee bean shape |
| What is the physiology of Neisseria | only genus gram-negative cocci that leads to human disease obligate aerobic nonmotile oxidase positive |
| What is the epidemiology of the N. gonorrhea | Found in UG tract of human carriers only transmitted by sexual contact or birthing process |
| What is the pathogenesis of N. gonorrhea | have fimbriae, IgA protease, and lipid A cell wall gonococci adhere to GU and DI tract survive within neutrophils , cleaves IgA |
| What disease does Neisseria gonorrhea cause? what demographic is it prevalent in | gonorrhea, only occurs in humans STI, prevalent in teen Americans, more common in females than males |
| What signs and symptoms does gonorrhea cause in men | urethritis (inflammation causes dysuria and pus-filled discharge) which can spread to epididymis and prostate |
| What signs and symptoms does gonorrhea cause in women | asymptomatic, occasional urethritis, triggers pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
| What are other characteristic s]s of gonorrhea? | infections can occur outside the reproductive tract and cause proctitis, pharyngitis, and gingivitis. newborns can get infections of the cornea or RT |
Created by:
Acrob89
Popular Biology sets