Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
unit 7 test
unit 7 test nervous system infections
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four ways that pathogens can enter the CNS? | intercellular (paracellular), transcellular, leukocytes facilitated, non hematogenous |
| toxins, or inflammation mediated processes pass through | intercellular (paracellular) |
| factors that allows adherence, trigger uptake by vacuole or receptor mediated mechanisms | transcellular |
| trojan horse mechanism infects peripheral leukocytes to directly enter CNS | leukocyte facilitated |
| enter without encountering the blood brain barrier, olfactory or trigeminal cranial nerves that lead to CNS | non hematogenous |
| inflammation of the meninges, severe headache, fever, photophobia, stiff neck, convulsions, confusion | meningitis |
| inflammation of the brain, causes lethargy, seizures, personality changes | encephalitis |
| Non-neonatal bacteria meningitis is caused by? | Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae |
| What are some other bacteria that is capable of causing meningitis? | Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli |
| N. meningitidis causes what kind of meningitis? | Meningococcal meningitis |
| What is the unique sign of Meningococcal meningitis? | a petechial rash |
| Which meningitis is most likely to cause outbreaks in schools, colleges, and prisons where people are in close direct contact? | Meningococcal meningitis |
| What does the Gram stain reveal when a person has Meningococcal meningitis? | Gram negative diplococci |
| Is caused by a encapsulated gram+ bacteria, is normal microbiota of the pharynx of young children, crosses the BBB in susceptible individuals, drug resistance strains are a problem, treated with broad spectrum antibiotics | Pneumococcal meningitis |
| Pneumococcal meningitis is caused by what bacteria? | Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| Is caused by a encapsulated pleomorphic gram- coccobacilli, in the throats of healthy individuals, infants, & young children, by 5 years old most children have developed immunity, can be prevented with the Hib vaccine? | Haemophilus influenzae type B |
| Is caused by encapsulated gram+ cocci, found in urogenital, GI microbiota of 30% of humans, early onset or late-onset, incidence can be reduced by IV antibiotics during labor, GBS test done prior | Neonatal meningitis |
| What bacteria causes Neonatal meningitis? | S. agalactiae |
| Temperature instability, apnea, bradycardia, hypotension, difficulty feeding, irritability, limpness, when asleep baby may be difficult to wake up, occurs in infants 1-7 days old | early onset neonatal meningitis |
| Happens between 1wk - 3 months of birth, symptoms include seizures, bulging fontanel, stiff neck, hemiparesis, and opisthotonos | late onset neonatal meningitis |
| Caused by gram+ endospore forming obligate anaerobe rods, infects the wound, produces TeNT, is non communicable disease, causes uncontrollable muscle spasms, toxin causes intoxication of the neurons, can have localized, cephalic, or generalized | tetanus |
| What bacteria causes tetanus? | Clostridium tetani |
| Affects muscle groups close to injury site, no CNS involvement, mild symptoms, individuals with partial immunity or previously vaccinated individuals who hasn't got recommended boosters | localized tetanus |
| Rare localized in wounds on the head or face, causes double images, spasms affecting eye muscles | cephalic tetanus |
| TeNT enters the neurons of the PNS from wound,retrogrades to inhibitory neurons in CNS, prevents release of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) leads to lockjaw uncontrollable, sudden muscle spasms ,opistotonos, leads to spastic paralysis | generalized tetanus |
| Is generalized tetanus in a newborn, umbilical stump is contaminated with C. tetani spores, common in countries that lack maternal immunization, poor prognosis mortality 70-100%, protection and provention by vaccine DTap, Tdap, Td | neonatal tetanus |
| Causes intoxication by BoNT produced in vivo, or directly introduced into tissues, rare but can be fatal, can be caused by a wound, latrogenic, ingesting endospores from food borne, it prevents the release of acetylcholine | Botulism |
| What bacteria causes botulism? | Clostridium botulinum |
| C. botulinum is introduced into a wound after trauma, deep puncture wound, or injection site | wound botulism |
| rare; associated with injections of BoNT used for cosmetic purposes | latrogenic botulism |
| in immunocompromised adults, from ingesting C. botulinum endospores in food | adult intestinal toxemia |
| Is the most common BoNT produced in contaminated food, ingested with food, binds irreversibly to presynaptic membranes, prevents release of acetylcholine, gradual weakening, loss of muscle control, eventual flaccid paralysis | food borne botulism |
| in infants <1 year of age, can be caused by eating honey, causes weak cry, decreased ability to suckle, hypotonia, treated with antitoxin to BoNT, can stop progression but can't reverse paralysis | infant botulism |
| Is caused by a gram+ rod, is a food borne pathogen, no capsule or spore, most at risk are pregnant women, neonates, elderly, meningitis in about 20% of patients, can causes spontaneous abortion, found on fresh fruits, veg's, processed meats, soft cheeses | Listeriosis |
| What bacteria causes listeriosis? | Listeria monocytogenes |
| What type of bacteria is Listeria monocytogenes that gives it the ability to grow at refrigerated temperatures? | psychrophile |
| Listeria monocytogenes produces what type of exotoxin that allows it to spread across cells? | listeriolysin |
| Listeriosis can be treated with? | antibiotics |
| Why is botulism not treated with antibiotics? | because it can speed up the release of BoNT toxin |
| Caused by a acid fast bacteria that are obligate intracellular pathogen, affects the PNS leading to permanent damage, loss of appendages, communicable but not highly contagious, invade Schwann cells, progressive demyelination destroying neurons of PNS | Hansen's disease (leprosy) |
| What bacteria causes Hansen's disease (leprosy)? | Mycobacterium leprae |
| Flat blanched skin lesions with small nodules at the edges, can persist for years or decades | tuberculoid (paucibacillary) Hansen's disease |
| Progressive form of leprosy, individuals that are unable to contain infection later develop nodules filled with bacilli, macrophages | lepromatous (multibacillary) Hanson's disease |
| Occurs as a sequelae of primary infection like herpes, influenza, measles, mumps, resolves spontaneously | viral meningitis |
| Birds are reservoirs, transmission by mosquitoes, 4 types Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, no drugs just supportive care | viral encephalitis |
| Emerging arboviral disease spread by mosquito vector, causes fever, skin rashes, conjunctivitis, muscle, joint pain, malaise, headache, can be transmitted sexually, or from mother to baby or blood transfusion, causes microcephaly in fetus | Zika virus infection |
| Deadly zoonotic disease, transmitted through a bite of infected mammal, reservoirs in US are raccoons, bats, skunks, foxes, disrupts neurotransmitters in the brain, can be furious or paralytic in patient's, behaviors enhance viral transmission | rabies |
| What is the rabies virus caused by? | the Lyssa virus |
| Rabies is treated with? | human rabies immune globulin(HRIG) and vaccine |
| Primarily intestinal disease, sometimes proceeds to the CNS in 1 in 200 cases, causing paralysis, or death, highly contagious, transmission by fecal oral route or aerosols & droplets, leads to flaccid paralysis mostly involves the legs | Poliomyelitis |
| What virus cause Poliomyelities? | polio virus |
| Salk invented what type of vaccine for the polio virus? | inactivated IM injection vaccine |
| Sabin invented what type of vaccine for the polio virus? | attenuated oral vaccine |
| Acellular infectious agents in humans & animals, degenerative, fatal neurological disease when brain tissue is infected, slow onset, incubation period years to decades, transmitted through infected nerve tissues, tissue transplants, blood transfusions, | transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) |
| What is transmissible spongiform encephalopathies caused from? | a prion |
| In humans Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease & kuru cause amyloid plaques in the brain giving the brain a spongy appearance, this is caused by | prions |
| Free-living in soil or water in warm body lakes and hot springs, is a trophozoite, infects brain by initially entering through nasal passages to sinuses, within days confusion, convulsions, seizures, coma, death | Amoebic Meningitis |
| What is amoebic Meningitis caused by? | Naegleria fowleri |
| Known as African sleeping sickness, transmitted by the tsetse fly, chancre at site, organism spreads causing daytime sleepiness, undulating fever, insomnia, alters surface antigens, winterbottom's sign | Human African Trypanosomiasis |
| What is Human African Trypanosomiasis caused by? | Trypanosoma brucei (NTD) |
| Enters through circulatory system, crosses the BBB, enters brain through capillary epithelium, brain lesions detected using MRI or CAT, treatment with long term anti-parasitic drugs to prevent recurrence | Neurotoxoplasmosis |
| What causes Neurotoxoplasmosis ? | Toxoplasma gondii |
| Larval form of pork tapeworm, invade the brain cause adult onset epilepsy, diagnosed by MRI, CT to detect cysts on brain, chemotherapy kills viable cysts, surgical removal maybe required | Neurocysticercosis |
| What is Neurocysticercosis caused by? | Taenia solium |
Created by:
Diamond87
Popular Biology sets