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BIO 169 Exam 4
Female, Respiratory, Urinary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are gonads? | Sex organs |
| What do gametes house and produce? | Sperm and Ova |
| What are the male and female gonads? | M-testes F-Ovaries |
| Breast is a radial (circular) arrangement of ...? | Lobes |
| What part of the breast lobe is this? Clusters of alveoli which produce milk? | Mammary glands |
| What part of the breast lobe is this? Opens independently in the nipple, where the milk exists. | Lactiferous duct |
| Suspensory ligaments are arranged in a _____ pattern like wheel spokes | radial |
| Suspensory ligaments form ____ between breast lobes | divisions |
| pectoral muscles are covered by tough fibrous sheath called ___ ____ | submammary space |
| What part of the vulva is this? mound of hair covered adipose tissue, divides and is sensitive to estrogen | mon pubis |
| What part of the vulva is this? Thick external fold of skin, covered in pubic hair, has sebaceous and sweat glands, closes off vulva | labia majora |
| ______ ______ evolves into the scrotum in males, and into the labia majora in females | labioscrotal swelling |
| What part of the vulva is this? Smaller fold of skin within the labia majora, does not have pubic hair, does have sebaceous glands | labia minora |
| ______ ______ evolves into the shaft of the penis in males and labia minora in females | urogential folds |
| What part of the vulva is this? Contains urethral and vaginal openings | Vulval vestibule |
| What part of the vulval vestibule is this? Located on either side of the vaginal opening | Greater vestibular (Bartholin's) glands |
| What part of the vulval vestibule is this? Lubricates urethral opening female ejaculation | Lesser vestibular/paraurethral (Skene's) gland |
| What supports the weight of breast tissue? | suspensory ligaments |
| Breast cancer causes tension on the ligaments, leading to ______ | pitting |
| Impacted greater vestibular gland that must be surgically removed | Bartholin gland cyst |
| What part of the vulva is this? Mass of erectile tissue, over 8,000 nerve endings | clitoris |
| Exposed part of the clitoris, analogous to male penis | glans clitoris |
| ______ cover over clitoris formed by labia minora | prepuce |
| Further protrusion of the ______ ______ in the male form the glans of the penis and in the female, the clitorial glans | genital tubercle |
| What percent of women ages 18-44 report sexual problems? | 27.2% |
| ______ ______ ______ plays and important role in female sexual desire, arousal and satisfaction | clitoral vascular engorgement |
| What part of the vagina is this? Thin layer of mucus membrane blocking vaginal opening in young girls | hymen |
| What part of the female genitalia is this? Area of skin between the vaginal opening and anus in females, between the scrotum and anus in males | perineum |
| ______ ______ contains the roots of the external genitalia in men and the openings of the urethra and vagina in women. Anterior portion in both men and women | urogenital triangle |
| What part of the female genitalia is this? Contains the anus in both men and women | anal triangle |
| What female internal structure is this? Normally collapsed, contain stratified squamous epithelium, rugae | vagina |
| The vagina is kept moist by secretions from the ______ and ______ ______ glands | cervix, great vestibular glands |
| The vagina has conversion of glycogen to lactic acid for acid protection from | infection |
| What uterus structure is this? domed uppermost portion, connects uterine tubes | fundus |
| What uterus structure is this? central region of the uterus | body |
| What uterus structure is this? inferior end, narrow central canal connects uterus and vagina | cervix |
| glands in cervical canal secrete thick ______ during ______ | mucus; ovulation |
| Lower parts of the cervix projects down into the ______ ______; pockets are ______ | vaginal vaulta; fornicles |
| What layer of the uterus is this? outer layer, continuous with the broad ligaments | perimetrium |
| What layer of the uterus is this? thick layer of smooth muscle, oxytocin stimulatescontractions | myometrium |
| What layer of the uterus is this? innermost layer where embryo attaches, shed during menstruation | endometrium |
| What layer of the endometrium in the uterus is this? next to the myometrium | permanent basal layer |
| What layer of the endometrium in the uterus is this? rich in blood vessels, prepares for fertilized egg, new layer each month | stratum functionalis |
| What part of the uterine tubes is this? portion of the tube attached to uterus | isthmus |
| what part of the uterine tubes is this? middle portion of tube, normal site of fertilization, lined with cilia | ampulla |
| what part of the uterine tubes is this? funnel-shaped end of tube | infundibulum |
| what part of the uterine tube is this? finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes | fimbriae |
| ovaries are anchored by ______ ligament and ______ ligament | ovarian; broad |
| what are the two major functions of the ovaries? | produce the female sex hormone (estrogen/progesterone) release the ova (egg) |
| the ______ cycle purpose is to prepare the endometrium of the uterus to receive fertilized ovum | ovarian |
| ______ is vascularized to provide oxygen and nutrients for developing embryo until placenta develops | endometrium |
| the ovarian cycle is controlled by ______ | hormones |
| what are the two phases of the ovarian cycle? | follicualr phase and luteal phase |
| are females born with an infinite or finite number of ova? | finite |
| what part of folliculogenesis is this? contain an oocyte surrounded by follicular cells support oocyte | ovarian follicle |
| what part of folliculogenesis is this? dormant, immature oocyte surrounded by one layer of follicular cells | primordial follicle |
| what type of follicle is this? develop FSH receptors zona pellucida forms around oocyte | primary follicle |
| what type of follicle is this? develop an antrum | secondary follicle |
| what type of follicle is this? begin to secrete estrogen, particularly estradiol development of LH receptors | tertiary follicles |
| what type of follicle is this? antral follicles, one with few FSH receptors suffer atresia, one with most FSH receptors wins becoming dominate follicle | preovulatory follicles |
| whichever antral follicle has the most FSH receptors by day ______ of the month will become the dominate follicle and go on to ovulation | 13 |
| the follicular cells start as one layer and build to many surrounding blisters of fluid called | antral follicle |
| the ova will not complete meiosis II unless fertilized by a ______ | sperm |
| the ova is caught by ______ of the uterine tube | fimbriae |
| what hormone is this? first half of the monthly cycle preovulatory follicle | Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| what hormone is this? causes functional layer of endometrium to build up | estrogen=estradiol |
| what hormone is this? causes preovulatory follicle to release oocyte (ovulation) | luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| what hormone is this? secreted by corpus luteum, causes functional layer of endometrium to thicken and vascularize | progesterone |
| what phase is this? preovulatory follicle + FSH+ estrogen (1st half of cycle) | follicular phase |
| what part of the luteal phase is this? yellow body that secretes progesterone | corpus luteum |
| what phase is this? corpus luteum + LH+ progesterone (2nd half of cycle) | luteal phase |
| after ______, fimbriae sweep egg into infundibulum | ovulation |
| ______ and _______ motions of the tube propel ovum towards uterus | cilia and peristaltic |
| _______ of tube secretes nourishing, lubricating ______ for both egg and as a medium in which sperm can better swim | epithelium; mucus |
| a fertilized egg | zygote |
| if not fertilization occurs the corpus luteum degenerates into ______ ______ ______ called corpus albicans | inactive scar tissue |
| when the luteal phase ends, _______ begins | menstruation |
| what is this? loss of necrotic inner lining of the endometrium with some blood and serous fluid loss | menstruation |
| hormone loss + vasospasm of blood vessels= | necrosis |
| are caused by contraction due to prostanglandis | cramps |
| blood ceases 4-7 days after onset due to _______ of endometrium | re-epithelization |
| falling progesterone and estrogen levels are due to corpus luteum turning into corpus ______ | albicans |
| _______ is the very first cycle that occurs and signals onset of puberty | menarche |
| at the beginning of puberty estrogen increases ___% | 20% |
| hormones happen between ages 9-12 anterior pituitary gland produces FSH + LH ovaries grow | gonadotrophic |
| pubic and axillary hair grows due to ______ from the adrenal cortex | androgens |
| what are the four things that estrogen stimulates | growth and development, vaginal epithelium changes, bone growth, and fat |
| fat stimulated by estrogen is deposited into subcutaneous tissues: ______, ______, and ______ | breasts, buttocks, and thighs |
| ______ is when ovarian (menstrual cycle) becomes irregular, sometimes failing to occur alltogether | menopause |
| during ______ primordial follicles degenerate despite presence of FSH + LH | menopause |
| during menopause estrogen is now reduced to almost nothing because no ______/______ | follicle/estrogen |
| lack of ______ causes most of the associated menopausal changes | estrogen |
| estrogen stimulates ______ growth and development | bone |
| what bone disease is caused by severe lost of estrogen that may cause fragile bones and fractures? | osteoporosis |
| what is it called when a lack of estrogen causes bone density to decrease? | osteopenia |
| what disease is caused by estrogens lowering cholesterol; menopause allows cholesterol to rise | coronary artery disease (CAD) |
| what are some symptoms of low estrogen/menopause | hot flashes, irritability, mental fog, fatigue, and anxiety |
| cellular respiration occurs in the ______ | mitochondria |
| cellular respiration produces | ATP |
| cellular respiration consumes ______, and generates ______ ______ waste | oxygen, carbon dioxide |
| what are the five functions of the respiratory system | gas change surface area, moves air, protects respiratory surfaces, sounds, and olfactory |
| what are the two structural parts of the respiratory system | upper and lower |
| where is the upper respiratory system located | above the larynx |
| where is the lower respiratory system located | larynx and below |
| what are the two zones of the respiratory system | conducting and respiratory zone |
| what zone of the respiratory is this? filter, warm, and moisten air from outside | conducting zone |
| what zone of the respiratory system is nose to terminal bronchioles (inside lungs) | conducting zone |
| what zone of the respiratory system is this? where gas exchange occurs within the lungs | respiratory zone |
| what zone of the respiratory system is this? respiratory bronchioles to alveoli | respiratory zone |
| where does all gas exchange take place | alveoli |
| ______ ______ are passageways carrying air to and from the gas exchange surfaces | respiratory tract |
| what three things are required for gases to exchange efficiently? | very thin alveolar walls, great surface area, fast exchange |
| ______ ______ (dust cells) engulf small particles that reach lungs | alveolar macrophages |
| ______ and mucus in ______ ______ removes large particles | hairs, nasal cavity |
| ______ sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx (mucociliary escalator) | cilia |
| ______ cells and ______ glands produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces | mucous, mucous |
| the respiratory ______ system is a series of filters that removes particles and pathogens | defense |
| what lines gas exchange surfaces of alveoli | alveolar epithelium |
| if mucus misses debris, ______ ______ cells will catch it | alveolar dust |
| the ______ ______ warms and humidifies inhaled air | nasal mucosa |
| breathing through the mouth bypasses what important step | warming and humidifying the inhaled air |
| what respiratory structure is shared by the digestive and respiratory systems | pharynx |
| what are the three parts the pharynx is divided into | nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| what division of the pharynx is this describing? lower portion of the throat above the larynx | laryngopharynx |
| is the laryngopharynx above or below the larynx? | above |
| what are the three functions of the nasopharynx | respiration, fighting infections, draining system |
| the nasopharynx has ______ respiratory epithelium to catch dust and pathogens | ciliated |
| the nasopharynx has ______ ______ to fight infections | auditory (Eustachian) tube |
| what part of the lower respiratory system us this describing below laryngopharynx and extends from C4- C7 | larynx |
| what part of the lower respiratory system is this describing? opening or airway through larynx | glottis |
| what part of the lower respiratory system is this describing? elastic cartilage gatekeeper that forms flap over glottis to block trachea when swallowing food | epiglottis |
| what part of the lower respiratory system is this describing hyaline cartilage "adams apple" | thyroid cartilage |
| what part of the lower respiratory system is this describing? hyaline cartilage ring shaped base of larynx | cricoid cartilage |
| what part of the lower respiratory system is this describing two pairs of ligaments stretched across glottis | vocal cords |
| what part of the lower respiratory system is this describing false vocal cords that prevent food from entering glottis | vestibular ligaments |
| what part of the lower respiratory system is this describing true vocal cords that vibrate to make speech | vocal ligaments |
| what part of the lower respiratory system is this describing windpipe about 4.5" long and 1" diameter | trachea |
| what part of the lower respiratory system is this describing C-shaped rings that face open posteriorly to allow the esophagus to expand when swallowing food bolus | tracheal cartilages |
| what part of the lower respiratory system is this describing extend down from trachea into lungs and become progressively smaller as bronchioles | bronchi |
| ______ is a cartilaginous tube that surround the glottis and is protected by the epiglottis during swallowing of food | larynx |
| what is the voice box of the larynx | glottis |
| the glottis is protected by ______ and ______ | vestibular and vocal cords |
| what are the three types of unpaired cartilage from the larynx | epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage |
| what type of unpaired cartilage from the larynx is this describing? elastic cartilage, prevents entry of food and liquids into glottis | epiglottis |
| what type of unpaired cartilage from the larynx is this describing largest, laryngeal prominence, sounds like the larynx | thyroid cartilage |
| what type of unpaired cartilage from the larynx is this describing? help make sound through vocal folds, signet-ring shaped | cricoid cartilage |
| when food or liquid touches the vestibular folds or glottis, it triggers the ______ ______ | cough reflex |
| the trachea extends from the cricoid cartilage to ______ | carnia |
| what is beneath mucosa of the trachea and contains mucous glands? | submucosa |
| ______ cartilages keep airways open at all times | tracheal |
| what shape is the tracheal cartilage | C- shaped |
| ______ ______ is formed by the primary bronchi and their branches | bronchial tree |
| the left and right bronchi branches outside the lungs | extrapulmonary bronchi |
| branches within the lungs | intrapulmonary bronchi |
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