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BIO 1243 Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| mycorrzihae | water and mineral absorption for the plant, while gaining access to receive sugars, amino acids, and vitamins in return. |
| the primary functions of stems | leaf positioning, functional support, distribution |
| leaf positioning | stems position leaves where they intercept sunlight, carry out photosynthesis |
| structural support | necessary to keep plant upright |
| distribution | stems house the plants vascular tissues, water, minerals, and carries throughout the body |
| the leaf has five layers | cuticle, layer of non-photosynthetic cells, photosynthetic cells, xylem, phloem, and non-breathing holes called stomata |
| cuticle | waxy coating, withholds water from escaping |
| leaf hairs | reflect sunlight and decrease water loss through evaporation |
| guard cells | seal off stomata, open to allows co2 to pass through |
| four factors necessary for plant growth | sunlight, water, air, soil |
| sunlight | Provides energy for photosynthesis |
| water | essential to every plant |
| air | provides a source of carbon dioxide and oxygen |
| soil | supplies with nutrients |
| Hydroponically grown plants | grown without soil |
| composition of soil | minerals, organic materials, air and water |
| composting | a process that allows the organic material in solid waste to be decomposed and reintroduced into the soil, often as fertilizer. |
| nitrogen fixation | nitrogen gas to nitrate to ammonium used in soil for plants |
| carniverous plants | ingest insects to use as a source of nitrogen |
| crop rotation | to help the soil keep rich in nitrogen |
| primary plant growth occurs where? | meristems |
| plant defenses | mechanical, chemical, mimicry/camo, and using others as security |
| mechanical defenses in plants | hairs, spines, thorns, wax/saps, and defensive movements |
| chemical defenses in plants | co-opting a toxin and using plants as a medicinal benefit |
| mimicry and camouflage | plants mimic being infested by insect eggs |
| enlisting plants for security | outsource some of their defenses to other plants |
| plants in extreme environments | super dry, salty, cold and windy |
| super dry habitats | succulent leaves, deep roots, dormant seeds |
| salty habitats | transport salts and secretes from leaves |
| cold and windy habitats | small leaves, shallows roots, and grow close to the ground |
| tropisms | variety of growth patterns, bend, curve, and twist |
| 3 types of tropism | phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism |
| phototropism | A growth response to light |
| gravitropism | A growth response to gravity |
| Thigmotropism | A growth response to touch |
| Plants have 3 distinct parts | roots,stems,leaves |
| leaves | primary site of photosynthesis |
| stems | provide structural support for the plant, conduct water and nutrients through the plant |
| roots | Absorbs water and minerals from the ground, anchors plant in ground. |
| 3 main tissue types in plants | dermal, vascular, ground |
| dermal tissue | The protective covering of plants |
| vascular tissue | transports water and nutrients. Sap is moved in tissue called xylem and phloem |
| ground tissue | makes up the majority of the plant, plant's metabolic activity |
| Xylem (vascular tissue cell) | conducts water and dissolved minerals throughout the plant |
| phloem (vascular tissue cell) | conducts sugar produced by photosynthesis in the leaves to tissues in the plant |
| the primary functions of roots | absorption, anchorage, storage |
| absorption | roots take up water, minerals, and oxygen |
| anchorage | roots secure plant in place |
| storage | sugar and water packed away in the roots |
| Parenchyma cells (ground tissue cell) | Responsible for photosynthesis, food storage, and the production and release of hormones |
| Collenchyma cell (ground tissue cell) | Give the plant flexibility enabling it to twist and bend |
| Sclerenchyma cell (ground tissue cell) | Have very thick cell walls, containing lignin, an important component of wood. Enables plants to resist the force of gravity and grow tall. |
| Epidermal cell (dermal tissue cell) | These cells produce a waxy substance called the cuticle, that helps reduce water loss |
| cork cells (dermal tissue cell) | replace epidermal cells, providing a thicker and more protective covering. On trees, this protective layer of bark |
| root hairs | greatly increase the surface area of the root that is in contact with the soil and do virtually all of the absorption that occurs in the roots. |
| 6 essential minerals are required in relatively large amounts and are particularly important for plant growth and metabolism | Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Potassium, Sulfur, Calcium |
| Asexual reproduction advantages | energetically efficient, faster, preserves winning allele combinations |
| Asexual reproduction disadvantage | reduced genetic variation |
| Sexual reproduction advantage | genetic material comes from two individuals, recombination during gamete production, reassortment of homologues |
| carpel | female reproductive structure |
| stamen | male reproductive structure |
| petals | leaf-like structure, often brightly colored, that help attract pollinators |
| sepals | leaf-like structures, found at the point where the flower is connected to the plant |
| stigma (carpel) | sticky landing site for pollen |
| style (carpel) | supportive stalk (female) |
| ovary (carpel) | enclosed chamber containing the ovules |
| anther (stamen) | site of pollen grain production |
| filament (stamen) | supportive stalk (male) |
| methods of pollination | In about 90% of plants, animals act as “go-betweens,” moving pollen from one plant to another. Among these plants, most are pollinated by insects, with numerous other species pollinated by birds or mammals (mostly bats) and even in a few cases by lizards |
| methods of self-fertilization | separate male and female flowers, staggered maturation, separate male and female plants |
| Seed germination process | When the conditions are right, water is taken into the seed, causing it to burst. A shoot is sent upward out of the seed (which eventually develops leaflets to begin photosynthesis), and roots are pushed downward to absorb water. |
| primary growth | makes a plant taller and roots and branches longer, due to cell division within apical meristems present at the tips of shoots and roots |
| secondary growth | make a plant stronger and roots and branches thicker, due to cell division within lateral meristems |
| Thorns, spines, and hairs: | These can be enough of a deterrent to many herbivores—in some cases, harming or even killing them—to significantly reduce herbivory. |
| Waxes and saps | Producing leaves covered with waxy compounds can also reduce herbivory. |
| Defensive (and offensive) movementsDefensive (and offensive) movements | Many plants—particularly those in the mimosa family—use a movement mechanism to rapidly flatten their leaves in response to touch. This quickly decreases the surface area available to potential pests, reducing herbivory. |
| plant hormones | chemical signals that enable plants to respond quickly and appropriately to changing environmental variables. |
| Environment affects the growth pattern of the arrowleaf plant caused by hormones | The arrowhead plant will grow different types of leaves. In deep water, long, ribbon-like leaves are grown. In shallow water, large round leaves are grown. And, on land, arrow-shape leaves develop |
| gibberellins (plant hormone) | increase growth and seed germination |
| auxins (plant hormone) | stimulates stem elongation and orientation |
| ethylene (plant hormone) | speeds up ripening of fruit |
| abscisic acid (plant hormone) | inhibits growth and reproduction |
| cytokinin (plant hormone) | causes rapid cell division |
| biological clock in plants | Plants adjust their biological clocks in response to environmental cues such as light and dark cycles and temperature cycles. |
Created by:
kylongreen
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