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EXAM 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vitamin A (RETINOL) | Retinol pigments. Deficit - NIGHT BLINDNESS |
| Vitamin D (CHOLECALCIFEROL) | Absorption of Calcium. Deficit - RICKETS IN CHILDREN OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS |
| Vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) | Cholesterol to bile salts Deficit - SCURVY |
| Vitamin K (Koagulations vitamin) | Formation of clotting proteins Deficit - easy bruising and bleeding |
| Vitamin E (TOCOPHEROL) | Prevents free radicals from damaging tissues Deficit- hemolysis of RBCs |
| Vitamin B1 (THIAMIN) | Metabolize carbs into energy Deficit- Beriberi |
| Vitamin B2 (RIBOFLAVIN) | Cofactors FAD, metabolism of fats Deficit- dermatitis, cheilosis, and glossitis |
| Vitamin B3 (NIACIN) | Cofactor NAD+ required for cellular respiration Deficit - pellagra |
| Vitamin B12 (CYANO-COBALAMIN) | Normal brain and nervous system function. Deficit- pernicious anemia |
| Folic acid ( FOLACIN) | Proper RBC and spinal formation Deficit - megaloblastic anemia, spina bifida |
| Sodium (Na) | Osmotic pressure, nerve and muscle function Deficit- muscle cramping, convulsion |
| Calcium (Ca) | Bones and teeth, heart contraction, nerve impulses, blood clotting. Deficit- Rickets, osteoporosis |
| Potassium (K) | Osmotic pressure, nerve and muscle function. Deficit - hypokalemia, muscle weakness; muscle cramping, ventricular tachycardia (hyperpolarization) |
| Magnesium (Mg) | Water balance, acid-base balance, neuromuscular function Deficit - Arrhythmias |
| Iodine (I) | Forms thyroid hormones Deficit- hypothyroidism; goiter |
| Iron (Fe) | Hemoglobin Deficit - anemia |
| Phosphorus (P) | Bones, teeth, ATP, DNA Deficit- rickets |
| Symports (different charges) | A cotransport protein that moves two solutes simultaneously through a plasma membrane in the same direction, such as the sodium–glucose transporter. |
| Antiports (same charges) | A cotransport protein that moves two or more solutes in opposite directions through a cellular membrane, such as the Na+–K+ pump. |
| HDL? (healthy cholesterol) High density lipoproteins | Cholesterol is being removed from the arteries and transported to the liver for disposal. Low calorie diet and saturated fats along with aerobic exercise. (above 60mg/100ml is good.) |
| LDL? (lethal cholesterol) Low density lipoproteins | High amounts of cholesterol in the arteries. Caused by smoking, coffee and stress. Below 100 is desirable. Above 130 is shows possible heart attack risk. |
| Positive nitrogen balance | production exceeds breakdown (normal in children and tissue repair) |
| Negative nitrogen balance | breakdown exceeds production (stress, burns, infection, or injury) |
| Functions of insulin (hypoglycemic agent) lowers blood glucose levels | Insulin helps control blood glucose level and keep it from getting too high (hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia). Promotes glucose uptake, lipogenesis, glycogenesis and protein synthesis of fat tissue and skeletal muscle. |
| Functions of glycogen (hyperglycemic agent) because it causes blood glucose levels to rise. (stored glucose in liver) | Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis/ fat breakdown in adipose tissue. Glucose sparing. |
| Steps of Cellular Respiration | Step 1 Glycolysis (cytoplasm) Step 2 Prep step Step 3 Krebs Cycle Step 4 Electron transport system |
| What condition in Cellular Respiration leads to ketoacidosis? | Conversion of acetyl CoA to ketones. Accumulation of ketones leads to acidosis. |
| What is the All or None Rule as it pertains to proteins? | All amino acids must be present to make a protein. (Translation) |
| Where do NAD and FAD come from? | NAD- Niacin FAD - Riboflavin |
| What is the role of NAD? | pick up hydrogen and becomes NADH |
| What is the Absorptive state? (FED) | Time during and shortly after food intake. The major metabolic thrust is ANABOLISM and energy storage. |
| What is the Post-absorptive state? (FASTING) | Time when GI tract is empty. Metabolic thrust is CATABOLISM and replacement of fuels in the blood. |
| What is the function of cholecystokinin? | Tells gallbladder to release bile. CCK is made by the duodenum. |
| Roles of FSH and LH in men? | FSH causes sertoli cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP). LH stimulates interstitial cells to release testosterone. |
| Roles of FSH and LH in women? | Maturation of an egg. -FSH/ Follicular phase. LH Luteal phase. LH surge causes ovulation. |
| What are the roles of POLAR BODIES and where are they produced? | They are created to discard the extra set of chromosomes. Oocytes. |
| Purpose of MITOSIS | Cell division that is involved in the development of an individual. Growth of tissues and organs after birth. Replacement of cells that die. Repair of damaged tissues. |
| Purpose of MEIOSIS | to produce gametes (eggs and sperm) |
| What are the 3 major areas of diversity in sexual reproduction? | 2 different people coming together Crossing over independent assortment |
| What is Spermiogenesis? | Spermatids to sperm |
| What is Spermatogenesis? | Spermatocytes to spermatids |
| What is Oogenesis? | production of female sex cells by meiosis |
| Why are interferon and IgA found in mother's milk? | Interferon protects from viruses. IgA protects from any ingested bacteria etc. |
| What is the FOLLICULAR PHASE? | period of follicle growth (days 1-14) |
| What is the LUTEAL PHASE? | period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28) |
| What is POLYSPERMY? Why and how to prevent it? | Fertilization by two or more sperm. Prevention: fast block- membrane depolarization prevents sperm from fusing with the oocyte membrane. Slow block- zonal inhibiting proteins destroy sperm receptors. |
| What are some problems with nondisjunction? | A pair of chromosomes fail to separate. Examples: Down syndrome, Kleinfelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, Triple X syndrome. |
| What is Epigenic control? | Chemical tags like methyl and acetyl groups bind to DNA and histones determine whether the DNA is available for transcription (acetylation) or silenced (methylation) |
| Heterozygous of recessive genes? | Albinism, cystic fibrosis, and Tay-sachs disease. |
| Polygenic inheritance | Many genes lead to one characteristic. Ex. skin color, eye color, and height. |
| Incomplete dominance | Heterozygous individuals have a phenotype intermediate b/w homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive. Ex. Sickling gene - sickle cell anemia |
| Sex-linked inheritance | Inherited traits determined by genes on the sex chromosomes. Ex. hemophilia (lack of clotting proteins) or color- blindness. |
| Pleiotropy | Many traits from one gene. Ex. Marfan syndrome. |
| 3 ligands that have to be present to make HCL | ACH, HISTAMINES, GASTRIN |
| What tells our stomach to turn on? | pH above 2, stretch receptors, and change in osmolarity- something in stomach besides water. |
| Purpose of sympathetic nervous system in reproduction? Parasympathetic/ | Ejaculation. Arousal. |
| Cowper's gland function? | Neutralize the acidic environment of the urethra. |
| Gubernaculum and function? | fibrous cord that extends from the testes to the scrotum. Pulls testes down for sperm production to occur. |
| What hormone does the baby produce to let the body know that it is pregnant? | HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin) |
| What does HCG do? | prompts the corpus luteum to continue to secrete progesterone and estrogen for 3 months. |
| When the corpus luteum dies, what does it become? | Corpus albicans |
| What structure releases the ovulated egg? | Graafian follicle |
| What is the difference b/w the primary follicle and secondary follicle? | The presence of an ANTRUM b/w the 2 layers indicates a secondary follicle. |
| What are the four fetal structures (bags) | Amnion- buoyant environment that protects embryo Chorion- helps form the placenta/ encloses the embryonic body Allantois- base for umbilical cord/ becomes part of bladder Yolk sac- digestive tube/ primordial germ cells |
| Down syndrome | Trisomy 21 |
| Kleinfelter syndrome | XXY - sterile males |
| Turner syndrome | XO - short stature females |
| Triple X syndrome | Egg fertilized by X sperm. XXX |
| Why do we breathe Oxygen? | is to accept electrons and protons at the end of ETS. |
| What hormone causes ovulation? | LH surge |
| Codominance | Alleles that are equally dominant . Example: ABO grouping |
| What is the role of NADH? | Drop off hydrogens and electrons |
| What is the role of FAD? | Picks up 2 hydrogens and electrons from the lysis of the citric acid and is changed to FADH2 |
| What is the role of FADH? | Drop off hydrogens and electrons |
| Process of making one ATP at a time? | substrate level phosphorylation (glycolysis and kreb cycle) |
| Force of moving HYDROGENS | Proton motive force |
| 2 Parts of Mom's part of the placenta? | Decidua capsularis and decidua basalis. |
| What part of the baby becomes the placenta? | Chorion |
| What is role of FADH2? | Drop off electrons for ETS |
| When does negative nitrogen balance occur? | Stress Burns Injury |
| What are chylomicrons? | Lipid/protein combo in blood |
| What is the role of oxaloacetic acid? | combine with acetyl-coA to start Krebs cycle |
| Kwashiorkor and ascites are caused by | low blood albumin |
| What vitamins are synthesized by bacteria in the colon? | Vitamins B and K |
| Where are proteins broken down in the digestive system? | stomach and duodenum |
| The production of sperm is controlled by | FSH |
| An example of polygenic inheritance would be: | Height |
| Endoderm layer of the embryo will become? | the lining of the internal organs |
| Ectoderm layer of the embryo will become? | the nervous system and skin epidermis |
| Mesoderm layer will become? | all other tissues. |
| Hormone for milk let down? | Oxytocin |
| What embryonic tissues invade the mother's endometrial lining during implantation? | syncytiotrophoblast |
| Where is water and electrolytes absorbed? | Large intestine. |
| Gaining hydrogens | Reduction |
| Losing hydrogens | Oxidation |
| Cryptorchidism | non-descent of testes |
| Orchiectomy | removal of cancerous testis |
| Circumcision | removal of foreskin |
| Impotence | inability to attain erection |
| Female primary sex organs | Ovaries |
| Female accessory sex organs | uterine tubes, uterus and vagina |
| Female sex hormones | estrogen and progesterone |
| Mumps | inflammation of parotid glands |
| Mucous neck cells | secrete acidic mucus |
| Parietal cells | secrete HCL and intrinsic factor |
| Chief cells | produce pepsinogen |
| Enteroendocrine cells | gastrin, histamine, endorphins, |
| Cells of Cajal | pacemaker cells that initiate segmentation |
| Chyme | semi-digested food, acidic, soupy pasty mixture. |
| Chyle | fatty intestinal lymph |
| Cholinergic | mimics acetylcholine |
| Adrenergic | effects similar to epi and norepi |
| Anabolism | build up aspect of metabolism |
| Catabolism | breakdown aspect of metabolism |
| Dehydration synthesis | joining of two molecules by the removal of water |
| Hydrolysis | breakdown by adding water |
Created by:
jbrayboy85
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