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Ch 9:innate immunity
Innate immunity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do human pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites cause disease? | 1. enter body through portal of entry 2. Attach themselves to host cells 3. Evade the body's defenses |
| What are the branches of the human immune system | 1. Innate immunity 2. Adaptive Immunity (Acquired immunity) |
| What are the three lines of defense of the human body | First, second line of defense which are a part of the innate immune system and the third line of defense, which is a part of the adaptive immune system |
| What is the specific immune system and which is the non-specific | specific is adaptive immune system and non-specific is innate |
| What two types of barriers does the innate immune system use to prevent pathogens from entering the body? | physical and chemical barriers |
| What is the first line of defense composed of? | 1. Skin, 2. Mucous membrane, 3. Lacrimal apparatus, 4. Microbiome, 5. Antimicrobial peptides, 6. Other processes and chemicals |
| what is the two major components of skin? | Epidermis layer and dermis layer (deeper layer) |
| Epidermis layer | Contain tightly packed dry dead cells which prevent pathogens from entering layers. consistently sheds dead skin to remove microorganisms. Contain dendritic cells |
| Dendritic cells | located in the epidermis layer and phagocytize pathogens |
| Dermis | Second layer of skin. contains collagen and helps prevent abrasions where microorganisms can be introduced |
| Where is collagen located and what is it made of? What does it do? | located in the dermis layer and are protein fibers that the skin resist abrasions |
| What other components, besides collagen and dendritic cells does the skin have? | perspiration form sweat glands and sebum from sebaceous filaments |
| Sweat glands | secrete sweat which create a hypertonic environment that inhibits the growth of microorganisms. contains lysozymes that destroy bacterial cell wall, and contain antimicrobial peptides that act against microorganisms |
| Sebaceous glands | secrete sebum, an oil that helps keep skin pliable and prevent tearing and lowers skin pH which inhibits growth of bacteria |
| Mucous membrane | Part of the first line of defense. encompasses the upper respiratory tract, Digestive tract, urogenital tract, eyes, and ear canals. |
| Where are mucous membranes found? what do they do? | lining all the body's cavities that are open to the environment. They defend against pathogens |
| How many layers are in the mucous membranes | Epithelium layer and a deeper connective layer |
| Epithelium layer | thin outer covering layer in the mucous membrane containing live epithelial cells that are tightly packed to prevent entry of many pathogens, goblet and ciliated columnar cells help remove invaders ,are continuously shedding, contain dendritic cells, |
| deeper connective layer | provides mechanical support and nutrient to the epithelial layers |
| Lacrimal Apparatus | produce and drain tears, blinking spreads tears and washes surface of eye, lysozyme in tears destroy bacteria |
| What contains lysozymes | tears, swear, breast milk |
| What is the 4th component of the first line of defense? | Microbiome |
| Microbiome | provides microbial antagonism, which competes with potential pathogens |
| How does the microbiome compete with potential pathogens? | 1. consume nutrients, 2. create unfavorable environment, 3. prevent attachment, 4. help stimulate body's second line of defense, 5. generate antimicrobial compounds, 6. provide vitamins, 7. generate compounds that modulate immunity |
| What is the fifth component of the first line of defense? | Antimicrobial peptides |
| Antimicrobial peptides? | are called defensins and help destroy pathogens, are produced by epithelial cells of skin, mucous membrane and neutrophils. act against variety of microbes, work in several ways |
| what is the sixth component of the first line of defense? What do they do? | Other processes and chemicals. many organs secrete chemicals with antimicrobial properties |
| What are examples of other processes and chemicals | saliva, stomach acid, vomiting, bile, defecation, peristalsis, intestinal secretions, gastroferritin, urine, reproductive secretions, Cardiovascular secretions, |
| What does the second line of defense | operates when pathogens penetrate skin or mucous membrane. involves blood components and physiological responses that prevent pathogens entering |
| What does the second line of defense include? | 1. defense components of the blood 2. phagocytosis 3. non-phagocytic killing 4. non-specific chemical defenses 5. inflammation 6. fever |
| first component of the second line of defense | defense components of the blood |
| Defense components of the blood includes? | plasma, defensive blood cells/leukocytes, |
| What is Plasma made of? | mainly made of water with electrolytes, dissolved gasses, nutrients, and proteins. contain iron-binding compounds, complement proteins, and antibodies. |
| What is the fluid remaining after clotting factors are removed in plasma | serum |
| Defensive blood cells are what and what else are they called | are cells and cell fragments in plasma called formed elements |
| Types of formed elements | Erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes |
| Erythrocytes | Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Platelets | involved in blood clotting |
| Leukocytes | involved in defending in the body against invaders, divided into granulocytes, agranulocytes |
| granulocytes | type of leukocytes that contain large granules, they stain many colors and leave blood via diapedesis |
| diapedesis | *** |
| types if granulocytes | Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils all contain granules |
| what does blood consist of? | blood and plasma |
| What two defense proteins are found in blood plasma? | Antibodies and complement proteins |
| Which formed element is involved in the second line of defense | Leukocytes ?*** |
| Leukocytes that contain granueles are called? | |
| Leukocytes that do not contain vesicles are called? | |
| What are granules | |
| What leukocytes are granulocytes | |
| what leukocytes are agranulocytes? | monocytes/macrophage, dendritic cells, natural killing lymphocytes |
| Neutrophils | Stain lilac with acid and basic dyes, phagocytic, are the first responders to inflammatory response, destroy pathogens, and release cytokines |
| How do neutrophils destroy pathogens | phagocytic killing and non phagocytic killing |
| Cytokines | chemicals that are signal molecules that signal other mechanisms of the immune system |
| Basophils | Stain blue with basic dye methylene blue, is non-phagocytic, and can undergo complement and IgE dependent degranulation to release histamine (contain granules that contain histomines) |
| Histomines | moderator of inflammation response |
| Agranulocytes | leukocytes that do not contain granules |
| types of agranulocytes | 1. lymphocytes 2. monocytes/macrophage, and dendritic cells (come from stem cells |
| How does a monocyte become a macrophage or dendritic cells | will undergo morphological change into macrophage when it leaves into tissue. monocytes are in the blood and are moved throughout the body. as it moves into tissue it matures and is able to move |
| Natural killer lymphocytes: | contain vesicles that can be secreted and physically scan for abnormal cells using receptors, search for antigens on surface and signal for destruction. secrete toxins onto surfaces of virally infected cells and cancer cells that kill abnormal cell |
| What is the second component in the second line of defense | phagocytosis |
| Phagocytosis | not completely understood, divided into six stages, elimination of abnormal cell |
| What do you call a cell that is capable of phagocytosis | phagocytes: includes macrophage, neutrophil, monocyte, dendritic cells, eosinophils (rarely), |
| What is the first stage of phagocytosis? What occurs? | Chemotaxis: chemical attraction of phagocytic cells to area of infection, and physical movement of phagocytic cells to infection site |
| What is the second stage of phagocytosis? What occurs? | Adhesion: physical binding to cells surface |
| What is the third stage of phagocytosis? What occurs? | Ingestion: pathogen drawn into cytoplasm of phagocytic cell, and packages it into a phagosome |
| What is the fourth stage of phagocytosis? What occurs | Maturation: lysosomes acidic pH and enzymes fuse with phagosome |
| What is the fifth stage of phagocytosis? What occurs | Killing: killing of pathogens in the phagosomes by lysosome |
| What is the sixth stage of phagocytosis? What occurs | Elimination: Some antigens can be presented on the surface of the pathogen |
| What is the third component of the second line of defense | non-phagocytic killing |
| What are the components of non-phagocytic killing | killing by eosinophil, neutrophils |
| killing by eosinophil | non-phagocytic, granulocytes attack parasitic helminths by adhering to surface. secrete toxins to weaken or kill helminth, attach to helminth protein receptors and signals to start degranulation |
| what forms structure during killing by eosinophils that kill bacteria | eosinophil mitochondria DNA and proteins which are ejected from the mitochondria and help trap and kill bacteria |
| What cam signal disease | differential white blood cell count |
| What would appear on a differential white blood cell count if allergies or helminths are present | increased eosinophils |
| What would appear on a differential white blood cell count if a viral infection was present | increased t lymphocytes |
| What would appear on a differential white blood cell count if a bacterial infection was present | increased leukocytes and neutrophils |
| What is the third component of the second line of defense | nonphagocytic killing |
| Nonphagocytic killing | killing of pathogenic or abnormal cells without the use of phagocytic events includes natural killer lymphocytes and neutrophils |
| Natural killer lymphocytes | physically attach to the surface of cells looking for abnormal cells. secrete both toxins: perforin and gramcine. differentiate normal body cells because they have membrane proteins similar to NK |
| Perforin | pokes holes in cell membrane of cell |
| gramcine | Goes into cell and destroy cell, killing pathogen in the cell |
| Killing by neutrophils | nonphagocytic killing. produce chemicals that kill nearby invaders. Generate extracellular fibers that bind to and kill bacteria. |
| Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) | extracellular fibers/DNA that trap, bind, and kill bacteria |
| What is the fourth component of the second line of defense | Nonspecific chemicals |
| Non specific chemical types | Toll-like receptors, NOD proteins, interferons, and complement |
| Toll-like receptors (TLR) | integral membrane proteins that are produced by phagocytic cells. bind pathogens-associated molecular patterns or (PAMPs), initiate defensive Reponses, extracellular cell surface receptor proteins. |
| What defensive responses do toll-like receptors initiate | secretion of inflammatory mediators, stimulate adaptive immune repones, and apoptosis |
| How do toll like receptors work? | search for particular component that are found in pathogen associated molecular patterns of PAMPS, can be found in phagosome membrane and cytoplasmic membrane |
| How many TLR receptors are known | 11-12 |
| Apoptosis | the complete killing of an infected cell that is no longer viable |
| How do tlr receptor secrete inflammatory mediators | tlr binds to peptidoglycan and may cause cell to secrete cytokins that trigger inflammation response |
| NOD proteins | located in the cytosol and bind to PAMP's, trigger inflammation, apoptosis, and other responses. specific mechanism is unknown. |
| what is another name for NOD proteins | cytosolic proteins |
| What is the main difference between NOD and TLR proteins | TLR are extracellular and NOD are intracellular |
| interferons | Antiviral proteins that are secreted by infected host cell that nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections. cause symptoms associates with viral infections. alert other surrounding noninfected cells to prepare defensive for virus |
| Types of interferons | Type I and Type II |
| Type I interferons | alpha and beta |
| Type II | gamma |
| How do interferons work | 1. virus infects cell 2. viral components trigger activation of type I IFN genes, 3. IFN alpha and beta are released and bind to IFN recepors on nearby cells 4. binding activates genes for antiviral proteins 5. neighboring cell is now prepared |
| complement | serum proteins, activation results in lysis of foreign cells by forming MACs, indirectly trigger inflammation and fever, can be activated in three ways. physically bind to pathogen and mark them for phagocytosis. |
| What is the fifth component of the second line of defense | Inflammation |
| inflammation | nonspecific response to tissue damage, characterized by redness heath swelling and pain |
| Types of inflammation | chronic and acute |
| Acute inflammation | develops quickly, short lived, beneficial, may be stimulated by complement |
| What are the results of acute inflammation | 1. dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels 2. migration and phagocytes 3. tissue repair |
| Dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels | vasodilation results in redness and localized heath associated with inflammation, many chemicals trigger and promote dilation |
| Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels allow for what five things to reach site of injury | 1. phagocytic cells 2. oxygen 3. nutrients, needed to repair tissue 4. bloodborne antimicrobial chemicals: blood chemicals and blood proteins, complement protein and antibodies 5. blood clotting factor: seal up damage to capillaries |
| Why is inflammation painful, why is it helpful | Fluid leakage cause edema and pain by putting pressure on nearby cells, which alerts of infection |
| blood clotting proteins | delivers blood clotting proteins to site of injury, stops bleeding, prevents pathogen or toxins from spreading. but may lead to abscess formation |
| migration of phagocytes | neutrophils and monocytes are delivered to SOF which are recruited by chemotactic factors. microbial components and |
| Chemotactic factors | substace that attracts phagocytes to a site of infection |
| examples of chemotactic factors | compliment components, leukotrienes, microbial components and their toxins, metabolic waste products |
| How does migration of phagocytes in inflammatory response work | neutrophils and monocytes are delivered to site of infection attach to blood vessel receptors 3. they squeeze between vessel wall cells and enter SOF |
| Diapedesis | neutrophils and monocytes squeeze between vessel wall cells and enter SOF |
| margination | neutrophils and monocytes attach to receptor on blood vessels |
| Neutrophils | are first responders |
| Chronic inflammation | develops slowly, long lasting typically harmful because it causes damage to tissues which can cause disease ex: tuberculosis |
| What is the sixth component of the second line of defense | fever |
| fever | a body temperature over 37 C, results when pyrogens trigger the hypothalamus to increase body core temp |
| What are pyrogens | chemicals secreted by parts of pathogens that signal hypothalamus that an infection has occured and temperature needs to be increased. exact mechanism is unknown |
| What are the types of pyrogens | Bacterial toxins cytoplasmic contects of bacteria released by lysis antibody antigen complexes pyrogens released by phagocytes that have phagocytized bacteria |
| How does a fever occur | 1. phagocytic chemicals reach the hypothalamus 2. hypothalamus secretes prostaglandin, resets hypothalamic thermostat 3. nerve impulses: shivering, higher metabolic rate, inhibition of sweating, and vasoconstriction 4. body temp reaches hyp. thermo. |
| How long does a fever last | continues if pyrogens are present |
| what are the outcomes of fever that help fight infection | 1. enhances effects of interferons 2. inhibits growth of some microbes 3. may enhance phagocytosis, tissue repair, and cells of specific immunity |
Created by:
Acrob89
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