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Bio 101 Test 2
Cell Cycle, Inflammatory Response,Food Processing,Circl.&Nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mitosis | Process by which one cell grow and divides into two - exponental growth |
| Diploid State | Means two sets of 23 chromosomes all human cells diploid except for sex cells |
| Haploid State | Only human sex cells - male testes, female eggs contain single chromosome (haploid) |
| Prophase | DNA condenses, nuclear membrane starts to disintegrate, microtubles begin to form - mitotic spindle forms |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes line up at middle at metaphase plate |
| Anaphase | Sister chromotids are pulled apart - individual chromosomes form |
| Telaphase | Chromosomes unwind, Cleavage furrow forms,New nuclear membrane begins to form around chromosomes at each end of cell, cytokinesis takes place at end of telaphase |
| P.M.A.T. | Prophase,Metaphase,Anaphase,Telaphase |
| Interphase & G1,G2 | Growth Period of Cell, not replicating 75% of the time |
| Mitotic Phase | PMAT-25% of time aka M phase |
| pyrogens | chemicals that increase temperature to retard bacteria growth |
| phagocyte | a cell that ingests and destroys foreign matter |
| platelets | formed in bone marrow forms blood clots when comes in contact with collagen |
| Antigen | foreign substance that elicits an immune response |
| Antibody | Protein found in blood plasma that attached to one specific kind of antigen and helps counter its effects |
| White Blood Cells | aka leukocytes-part of blood-produced in bone marrow, helps to protect against foreign bodies and infections |
| Adaptive | enhances future responses to agent |
| Immunity | resistance to specific invaders, can be achieved by vaccination ie.,polio, measles,mumps |
| Active immunity | the body is stimulated to produce antibodies in its own defense ie., flu shot |
| Passive immunity | by receiving premade antibodies ie., fetus obtains antibodies from mothers bloodstream |
| Four Stages of Food Processing | Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination |
| Hydrolases | Enzymes (food polymers) that breaks down chemical bond |
| Lipase | breaks down lipids, fatty acids |
| Esophagus | Tube that connects the pharnx to the stomach |
| Stomach | Very strong Acid (Pepsin) helps to break down food |
| Small intestine | 90% of digestion occurs here. Chemical digestion and absorption. Compressed, folded to increase surface area. heavily vaculated , lots of arteries and veins lots of blood here 20 ft long |
| Large Intestine | Absorbs Water, electrolytes |
| Right Atrium | Blood low in oxygen high in carbon dioxide returns to heart via veins |
| Right Ventricle | When atrium contracts lets blood into this ventricle |
| Pulminary arteries | two leading from right ventricle to lungs |
| Pulminary Veins | Bring blood high in Oxygen low in carbon dioxide to Left Atrium |
| Left Atrium | Receives highly oxygenated blood via pulminary veins from lungs |
| Left Ventricle | largest, strongest and longest chamber in heart, sends highly oxygenated, low carbon dioxide blood via arteries to body |
| Both Atriums contract | Both ventricles relax |
| Both Ventricles contract | both atriums relax |
| Systolic | when hearat contracts |
| Arteries | Away from Heart |
| Veins | Return Blood to Heart - Deoxygenated |
| endothelium | very smooth layer of thin, flat cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, |
| Blood Pressure | measure of force exerted on arteries as blood is pumped through arteries |
| Pulse | rythmatic stretching of the arteries cause by blood flow via systole |
| Systole | when heart contracts |
| Atrial systole | when atrium contracts |
| Ventricular systole | when ventricles contract |
| systolic | when heart contracts |
| diastolic | heart rate at rest between beats |
| Plasma | Yellowish tint 50% of blood, made up of 90% water other 10% is salts, proteins and other molecules |
| Hemoglobin | Carries oxygenfrom the lungs to the rest of the body, contains iron |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) | hormone that is a growth factor (red blood cel It is produced by the kidney, and is the hormone regulating red blood cell production |
| White Blood Cells | Defense and blood clotting |
| Platelets | aka thromobocytes |
| Fibronogen | Membrane wrapped in protein in plasma |
| Platelets | release clotting factors that convert fibronogen into fibrin |
| Thrombus | too much clotting |
| Embolus | Clot dislodges travels it can lodge in an artery of heart or brain and block it |
| Stems cells | Rare one one in several thousand but potent injection of as few as 30 can lead to complete repopulation of blood and immune system |
| atherosclerosis | buildup/increase in cholesterol causes plaques, coronary artery gets clogged, no oxygen to heart muscle and muscle cell dies leads to heart attack cause of 40% of all deaths in USA |
| Alveoli | Air sacs sites of gas exchange in lungs |
| Negative pressure breathing | Diaphragm moves down chest cavity expands pressure on lungs decrease |
| Emphysema | Alveoli (air sacs in lungs) disintegrate reducing the lungs ability to exchange gases which leads to breathlessness and fatigue |
| Nervous System | forms a communication and coordination network throughout the organisms body |
| Depression | 20-30 million Americans suffer from it, caused by imbalance of of neurotransmitters (ie.,serotonin) |
| Antidepressents | SSRI's Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ie.,prozac, zoloft, paxil |
| Two Main Systems | CNS AND PNS |
| Central Nervous System | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Neurons that carry signals in and out of CNS |
| C.E.C. | Chemical signal gets converted to electrical signal which gets to muscle and turns back to chemical signal |
| Dendrite | brached projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrical stimulation received from other cells to and from the cell body |
| Myelin Sheath | Covers the neuron length so electrical signal does not get lost ie.,rubber covers electrical cord |
| Axon | nerve fiber, is a long slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma |
| Node of Ranvier | regularly spaced gaps in the myelin sheath around an axon or nerve fiber, these gaps expose the membrane of the axon to the surrounding liquid. |
| Axon Terminals | specialized structure at the end of the axon that is used to release neurotransmitter and communicate with target neurons. |
| Neurotransmitters | serotonin and dopamine: affect sleep, mood, attention and learning |
| Soma (cell body) | the central part of the cell between the dendrites and the axon. It is where the nucleus is located and is where most protein synthesis occurs. |
| Synapse | Relay point between a neuron and a receiving cell |
| Chemical Synaptic cleft | secretes a neurotransmitter that binds to receptors |
| PNS | Sensory & motor divison |
| Sensory Division | Central and Internal -Human brain |
| Motor Division | Somatic and Autonomic |
| Somatic | controls voluntary movement and sensation |
| Autonomic | not consciously controlled: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic | Flight,Fear,Fight |
| Parasympathetic | digestion, rest, relaxation |
| hormone | chemical messenger from one cell or group of cell to another |
| Endocrine System | control system of ductless glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones that circulate within the body via the bloodstream to affect distant organs |
| Hypothalamus | controls piuitary gland |
| Pituitary Gland | Master gland |
| pancreas | produces important hormone insulin that controls sugar levels |
| endrocine system | Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Parathyroid glands, andrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes |
| Body non specific defense | First line: skin, mucous membrane, secretions of skins and mucuos membrane |
| Second line non specific defense | Phagocytic tissue, blood cells, defensive proteins, Inflammatory response |
| Third line bodies defense | Lymphocytes (White Blood Cells), Antibodies |
| Specific Defense | recognizes specific microbes and cancer cells, must first be primed by antigens |
| Fibrin | protein involved in the clotting of blood. forms a "mesh" that forms clot (in conjunction with platelets) over a wound site. |
Created by:
josoto
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