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BIOL005C EXAM 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| How are ecological and evolutionary processes linked? | They generate a feedback loop on each other |
| Evolutionary biology | The scientific study of the evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth. |
| Ecology | The scientific study of the interations between organisms and the living and nonlining componenets of their environment |
| Hypothesis | An explanation based on observations and assumptions that lead to testable prediction. |
| Experiment | A scientific test carried out under controlled conditions |
| True-breeding | Referring to an organism that produces offspring of the same variety over many generations of self pollination (ex. parents with the genotype AA) |
| Character | An observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals |
| Trait | 1 or more detectable variants in a genetic character |
| Gene | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA |
| Locus (plural: Loci) | A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located |
| Allele | Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic types |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup or set of alleles of an organism |
| Phenotype | The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism. Determined by its genetic makeup/genotype |
| Homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a given gene |
| Heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a given gene |
| Dominant | An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote |
| Recessive | An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote |
| Monohybrid Cross | A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character (or the self-pollination of a heterozygous plant) |
| Dihybrid cross | A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed (or the self-pollination of a plant that is heterozygous for both characters |
| Complete Dominance | When the phenotypes of the heterozygote and the dominant homozygote are indistinguishable |
| Incomplete dominance | When the phenotype of heterozygotes is indetermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele |
| Codominance | When the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways |
| Carrier | An individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder |
| Pleiotropy | The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects |
| Epistasis | A type of gene interaction where the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another gene |
| Qualitative character | A heritable feature that varies in an either-or fashion |
| Quantitative Character | A heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion |
| Polygenic Inheritence | An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character |
| Phenotypic Plasticity | The ability of an organism to change in response to stimuli or inputs from the environment |
| Multifactorial traits | Referring to a phenotypic characyer that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors |
| Pedigree | A family tree that describes the inheritance of a trait across generations |
| Association study | Data to correlate genotypes and phenotypes across many, many individuals |
| Non-coding elements | Sequences/regions in the genome that do not code for protein or RNA |
| Mutation | A change in DNA sequence relative to some standard or previously existing sequence |
| Mutant | An individual whose genome contains a mutation at some location of interest (ex. in a specific gene) |
| Phenotypic Variation | Variation in phenotypes such as morphology, behavior, physiology, etc. among members of a group of organisms |
| Genetic (genotypic) variation | Variation in mutations/alleles among members of a group of organisms |
| Somatic mutations | Mutations that occur in the body tiddues of an organism and are not transmitted to the next generation |
| Germline mutations | Mutations that occur in the gametes (sperm or eggs) and are transmitted to offspring |
| Mutagen | A substance or environmental factor that increases the rate at which mutations occur |
| Error correction mechanisms | Cellular/molecular mechanisms that correct most errors in DNA replication/meiosis |
| Non-disjunction | The failure of chromosomes to correctly separate during meiosis |
| Deleterious mutations | Mutations that cause a decrease in fitness |
| Beneficial mutations | Mutations that cause an increase in fitness |
| Neutral mutations | Mutations that cause no change in fitness |
| Fitness | The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to contributions of other individuals in the population |
Created by:
Matthew011
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