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mutations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Any change in what of an organisms genome is called | nucleotide sequence, mutation |
| Frameshift mutation | a nucleotide base pair is either added or deleted causing a shift in what proteins are produced. frameshift insertion and frameshift deletions |
| What effect do mutations have on an organism | mutation events are rare and often deleterious, and is mostly detrimental to an organisms survival. |
| What are the two types of mutations | Gross mutations and point mutations |
| Point mutations | only one base pair is affected. This may include substitutions and frameshift mutations |
| Gross mutations | include inversions, duplications, and transpositions. whole gene is changed |
| Types of point mutations? | silent mutations, nonsense mutations, missense mutations, frameshift mutations: frameshift insertion, frameshift deletions |
| Silent mutation (substitution) | No effect. |
| missense mutation (substitution) | a slight change to the amino acid, maybe just one |
| nonsense mutation (substitution) | a type of point mutation. premature stop codon translated |
| frameshift insertion | insertion of nucleotide base pair causes major shift in the sequence and which amino acids are translated |
| frameshift deletion | deletion of nucleotide base pair causes major shift in sequence and which amino acids are translated |
| Substitution | mismatching of nucleotides or replacement of one base pair by another |
| recombinants | cells with DNA molecules that contain new nucleotide sequence |
| recombination | exchange of nucleotide sequences which often occurs btw homologous sequence ex: crossing over |
| In which organism does recombination occur? | eukaryotes |
| bacteria gene transfer types | There is horizontal gene transfer which includes transformation, transduction, and bacterial conjugation |
| Horizontal gene transfer | in prokaryotes. donor cell contributes part of genome to recipient cell |
| transformation | proofs that DNA is genetic material, results from alterations to cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane that allow DNA to enter the cell. Free DNA in the environment taken into competent recipient |
| in transformation gene transfer, what is a cell that takes up DNA called | competent |
| Transduction | involves the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus ex: bacteriophage |
| conjugation | transfer of genetic material that requires physical contact between donor and recipient cell. donor cell remains alive |
Created by:
Acrob89
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