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Evolution (Ch.10-12)
terms and key concepts
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Ecological character displacement? | evolution driven by competition between species for a shared resource |
| What is Artificial selection? | When breeders non-randomly choose individuals with economically favorable traits to use as breeding stock (human activity) |
| What three conditions must be met for evolution by natural selection to take place? | Variation in phenotypic traits, Differences in phenotype influence the probability of survival or reproduction, and phenotypic traits must be at least partially heritable |
| What is Parthenogenesis? | a mode of reproduction in which female sex cells undergo meiosis but are not fertilized by sperm (females produce only daughters) |
| What is a hermaphrodite? | an individual that produces both female and male gametes |
| What is the Twofold cost of sex? | the disadvantages of being a sexual rather than an asexual organism |
| What is Muller’s ratchet? | the process by which the genomes of an asexual population accumulate deleterious mutations in an irreversible manner |
| How do we explain the diversity of reproductive systems in nature? | the evolution of sex |
| Why in sexually reproducing animals do males have ornaments and/or armament? | The evolutionary consequences of sex: sexual selection |
| What is the Search Cost of sexual reproduction? | Males and females must locate each other in order to mate which can involve time, energy, and risk of predation. |
| What is the reduced relatedness of sexual reproduction? | Only half of alleles are passed to their offspring because meiosis generates gametes that are haploid, halving the relatedness between parents and their progeny. |
| What is the Generation of Novel Genotypes from sexual reproduction? | Through recombination, meiosis provides an opportunity for paired chromosomes to cross over, creating gametes with unique combinations of alleles |
| How does sexual reproduction cause faster evolution | Offspring of sexual parents will be more genetically variable than offspring of asexually reproducing parents. This can speed the evolutionary response to selection of sexual populations. |
| True or false: asexual populations can can purge themselves of harmful mutations because of recombination but sexual populations cannot | false |
| What is the genetic load? | the burden of accumulated deleterious mutations increases over time |
| True or False: The Red Queen effect makes sex beneficial | true |
| True or False: Hermaphrodites that self-fertilize reproduce sexually, but this does not create genetic variation | true |
| What is Anisogamy? | Sexual dimorphism in gamete size |
| Anisogamy results in differential investment in reproduction | true |
| Limitations on reproductive success do not differ for the sexes | false |
| True or False: Males are limited by the number of mates they can obtain (maximizing RS quantitatively) | true |
| What are Ornaments? | attractive traits that increase mating success |
| What are Armaments? | weaponry used to outcompete other individuals |
| True or False: Sexual dimorphism's do not result from sexual selection | false |
| True or False: High variance in male reproductive success leads to intense sexual selection | true |
| True or False: competing for mates is not costly | false |
| What are Direct benefits? | benefit the female’s offspring directly |
| What are Indirect benefits? | benefits that affect the genetic quality of the female’s offspring |
| Define Monogamy | one male pairs with one female (sexual or social) |
| Define Polygyny | males mate with multiple females |
| Define Polyandry | females mate with multiple males |
| True or False: Sperm competition drives evolution of larger testes in primates | true |
| What is Sexual conflict? | traits that confer a fitness benefit to one sex but a cost to the other |
| True or False: Sexual conflict results in antagonistic coevolution | true |
| True or False: Life history strategies such as longevity and age of sexual maturity have not been found to be subject to evolutionary forces | false |
| What is a semelparous life-history? | breed once and die |
| What are the 2 episodes of a semelparous life-history | Survival to become an adult and Reproduction as an adult |
| How do you find the total expectation of lifetime of a propagule with a semelparous life-history? | product of the probability it survives to become an adult (s) times average adult reproduction (m) |
| What is An iteroparous life-history? | history has more than one reproductive episode, which are also fitness components |
| How do you find the total expectation of lifetime of a propagule with an iteroparous life-history | sums over all episodes of reproduction times the probability of surviving from birth to each reproductive episode |
| True or False: Senescence is favored by natural selection if there is a tradeoff between present and future reproduction, and if gains early in life are greater than costs expressed later in life | true |
| What is Gilliam’s Tradeoff? | Juvenile survival versus Adult reproduction |
| What is Lack’s Tradeoff? | Parents who have larger clutches |
| What is Williams’ Tradeoff? | Males who defend larger clutches this year |
| True or False: Trade-offs arise when investment in one trait results in lower investment in another trait | true |
| True or False: Investment in reproduction is often not at the expense of investment in growth or maintenance | false |
| True or False: Selection may favor mutations that are beneficial early in life, even if they are deleterious late in life | true |
| True or False: Investment in early reproduction often reduces reproduction late in life | true |
| True or False: Sexual selection becomes an important agent when members of one sex compete with each other to mate | true |
| True or False Females usually benefit from providing parental care more than males | true |
| True or False Frequency-dependent selection maintains variation within populations | true |
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