Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
biology final exam
test: june 13, 2023
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dehydration synthesis | BUILDS molecules by REMOVING water (puts monomers back together in cells) |
| Hydrolysis | BREAKS APART molecules by ADDING water (digestion of biomolecules we eat) |
| How does dehydration synthesis occur | Takes place when MONOMERS OF COMPOUNDS JOIN together by a CHEMICAL reaction to make POLYMERS |
| How does hydrolysis occur | Takes place when the POLYMERS OF COMPOUNDS are BROKEN down by chemical reaction to make MONOMERS |
| Covalent bonds | A chemical bond that involves the SHARING OF ELECTRONS to form ELECTRON PAIRS between atoms |
| Hydrogen bonds | A bond between a HYDROGEN ATOM and more ELECTRONEGATIVE ELEMENTS like N, O, and F |
| Gene | A sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA |
| Nucleotide | The MONOMER of a nucleic acid |
| What do nucleotides contain? | Pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base |
| Nucleic acid | A biomolecule that contains nucleotides / present in DNA and RNA |
| Guanine | A nitrogenous base that pairs with CYTOSINE |
| Chromatin | A mixture of DNA and proteins that FORM CHROMOSOMES found in cells of humans |
| Chargaff's rule | DNA from any cell of any organism should have a 1 to 1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases. The amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine. |
| Adenine | A NITROGENOUS base that pairs with thymine (in DNA) and uracil (in RNA) |
| Chromosomes | A structure found inside the NUCLEUS |
| What are chromosomes made of? | PROTEINS and DNA organized into genes |
| How many pairs of chromosomes are there? | 23 from EACH PARENT (46 in TOTAL) |
| Purine | A base with a DOUBLE ring of CARBON and NITROGEN ATOMS |
| What are the bases of purine? | ADENINE and GUANINE |
| Pyrimidine | A base a SINGLE ring of CARBON and NITROGEN ATOMS |
| What are the bases of pyrimidine? | CYTOSINE and THYMINE (in DNA) and URACIL (in RNA) |
| Thymine | A nitrogenous base that pairs with GUANINE |
| Cytosine | A nitrogenous base that pairs with GUANINE |
| Helicase | An enzyme that UNWINDS the double helix structure of DNA by BREAKING the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases |
| DNA Polymerase | Pairs strands of DNA with their corresponding nitrogen base |
| Point mutation | A mutation in the replication of DNA where a base is CHANGED and is WRONG (this may cause a silent mutation) |
| Frameshift mutation | A mutation in the replication of DNA where a base is ADDED or DELETED (this shifts the rest of the bases and is usually worse than a point mutation. results in different codons) |
| Silent mutation | A mutation that DOES NOT change the amino acid end result |
| G1 Phase | The first gap phase in Interphase. Cell INCREASES in size, SYNTHESIZES new enzymes and molecules, STORES NUTRIENTS for later |
| S Phase | SYNTHESIZES AND REPLICATES DNA so that the cell is ready for mitosis |
| G2 Phase | The second gap phase in Interphase (SHORTEST PHASE of interphase) |
| What is produced for cell division for the G2 Phase | ORGANELLES AND PROTEINS |
| M Phase | The cell SEPARATES into 2 and DIVIDES its cytoplasm (forming 2 new cells) |
| Prophase | The NUCLEOLUS DISAPPEARS and CHROMOSOMES CONDENSE and become VISIBLE |
| Prometaphase | The CHROMOSOMES ATTACH to the mitotic spindle |
| Metaphase | The CHROMOSOMES LINE UP IN THE MIDDLE OF THE CELL (on the metaphase plate) |
| Anaphase | The chromosomes are SEPARATED and PULLED TO OPPOSITE SIDES of the cell by spindle fibers (each chromosome becomes their own chromosome) |
| Telophase | The FINAL PHASE of mitosis where the SPINDLE DISAPPEARS and the NUCLEUS FORMS around each set of daughter chromosomes |
| What is the MOST SPECIFIC level of taxonomy | Species |
| What are the levels of taxonomy (least specific to most specific) | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Haploid | A cell that contains a SINGLE SET of chromosomes |
| Diploid | Two COMPLETE SETS of chromosomes in an organism's cell (each parent contributes a chromosome) |
| Testes | Male reproductive organ that PRODUCES SPERM |
| Ovaries | Female reproductive organ that EGGS FORM and HORMONES ARE MADE |
| Gamete | A reproductive cell of an ANIMAL OR PLANT |
| Sperm | Male sex cells that CARRY ON A MALE'S GENETICS |
| Egg / Ova | HAPLOID female productive cell |
| Zygote | a FERTILIZED EGG CELL (egg with sperm) |
| Fertilization | The process by which 2 GAMETES FUSE TO BECOME A ZYGOTE (develops into a new organism) |
| Homologous Chromosomes | Two chromosomes in a pair |
| Crossing over | Happens between the CHROMATIDS of 2 HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES |
| Independent assortment | GENES are INHERITED independently of one another |
| Nondisjunction | FAILURE of the chromosomes to SEPARATE |
| Sex chromosomes | A type of chromosome involved in SEX DETERMINATION (determining biological sex of an offspring) |
| Autosomes | One of the NUMBERED CHROMOSOMES |
| Peptide bonds | A chemical bond formed between TWO MOLECULES when one molecule reacts with the AMINO GROUP of the OTHER MOLECULE |
| Polypeptides | A substance that contains MANY AMINO ACIDS |
| Uracil | A chemical compound that is used to make one of the BUILDING BLOCKS OF RNA |
| Transcription | The process of a cell MAKING AN RNA COPY of a PIECE OF DNA |
| Translation | The process when a cell makes PROTEINS USING THE GENETIC INFORMATION carried in messenger RNA |
| mRNA | A type of SINGLE STRANDED RNA involved in PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
| rRNA | Ribosomal RNA in cells that CARRIES OUT PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN RIBOSOMES |
| tRNA | LINK mRNA and amino acids |
| Ribosome | A cellular structure made of RNA AND PROTEIN (SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in the cell) |
| Codon | Sequence of THREE NUCLEOTIDES that form UNITS OF GENOMIC INFORMATION |
| Template | A molecule that serves AS THE PATTERN for the synthesis of other macromolecules |
| Anticodon | A sequence of THREE NUCLEOTIDES IN TRANSFER RNA that BINDS to a corresponding codon and DESIGNATES a specific amino acid |
| Amino acid | Small molecules that are the BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS |
| RNA polymerase | Responsible for COPYING A DNA SEQUENCE into an RNA SEQUENCE |
| Genome | The COMPLETE SET of DNA in an organism |
| Allele | ALTERNATIVE FORMS FOR GENES |
| Transcription factor | Proteins involved in TRANSCRIBING DNA INTO RNA |
| Genotype | An organism's COMPLETE SET OF GENES |
| Phenotype | PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of an organism |
| Homozygous | SAME ALLELES being passed down through parents |
| Heterozygous | TWO DIFFERENT ALLELES being passed down through parents |
| Dominant | The allele that is EXPRESSED |
| Recessive | The allele that is MASKED |
| Locus | The LOCATION OF A SPECIFIC GENE ON A CHROMOSOME |
| Probability | the RATIO of the number of cases favorable in an event |
| Common ancestor | The MOST RECENT individual that a species DESCENDED FROM |
| Homologous structures | Body parts of organisms that have the SAME FEATURES (indicating a COMMON ANCESTOR) |
| Vestigial structures | Body parts that we've EVOLVED TO NO LONGER NEED |
| Fossils | The remains of a ONCE LIVING ORGANISM |
| Embryological similarities | Look very similar and it is often difficult to tell them apart |
| Extinct | The COMPLETE DISAPPEARANCE of a species from Earth |
| Allopatric speciation | Occurs when a species SEPARATES into 2 SEPARATE GROUPS (isolated from each other) |
| Immigration | When an animal ESTABLISHES A HOME IN A HABITAT because it has the RESOURCES IT NEEDS |
| Gene flow | The MOVEMENT OF GENES into or out of a population |
| Genetic drift | CHANGE IN ALLELE FREQUENCIES through generations (occurs to chance events) |
| Biological species concept | A group of organisms that can REPRODUCE and PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING |
| Morphological species concept | Groups of individuals that are morphologically similar / different to one another |
| Ecological species concept | Concept that species are sets of organisms that ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC RESOURCES in an environment |
| Phylogenetic species concept | Concept that species have a SHARED EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY |
| Natural Selection | Nature causes ORGANISMS TO BETTER ADAPT to their environment |
| Variation | Differences in CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS IN THE SAME SPECIES |
| Fitness | Reproductive success |
| Adaptation | Organisms ADJUST TO NEW ENVIRONMENTS |
| Acquired traits | Development of an individual DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE |
| Inherited traits | Characteristics we receive from parents (ENCODED IN DNA AND PASSED DOWN) |
| Artificial selection / selective breeding | Choosing parents with SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS to breed together and PRODUCE OFFSPRING WITH MORE DESIRABLE TRAITS |
| What does a ribosome do? | READS MESSENGER RNA and sequence and TRANSLATES THAT GENETIC CODE into amino acids |
Created by:
rebeccareisler
Popular Biology sets