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Genetic Engineering

TermDefinition
Genetic Engineering The artificial manipulation or alteration of genes
Gene Cloning The production of many copies of a specific gene which occurs when a GMO replicates the DNA during normal cell division
Biotechnology The use of organisms to provide useful products or processes
Recombinant DNA DNA that is altered using the techniques of DNA technology
Genetically Modified Organism An organism with altered DNA
Cloning Vectors A piece of DNA which can have a foreign gene inserted into it.
Restriction Enzymes Enzymes that recognise a specific sequence of nucleotide bases on the molecule and then cuts these recognition sites leaving compatible overhanging ends
DNA Ligase An enzyme used to "glue" separate strands of DNA together, end-to-end.
Steps of Genetic Engineering 1. DNA Isolation 2. Cutting 3. Insertion and Ligation 4. Transformation 5. Expression
DNA Isolation Human DNA containing target DNA is extracted from suitable cells, and plasmid DNA is extracted from bacterial cells
Cutting The same restriction enzyme is used to cut out the target gene from the rest of the human DNA, and to cut the plasmid at a single point
Insertion and Ligation Target gene is inserted into the site at which the plasmid was cut. DNA ligase enzyme is used to firmly bond the target gene to the plasmid vector
Transformation Bacterial cells are treated to allow them to take in the recombinant plasmid
Expression Bacteria are grown in order that they produce the required protein
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