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Biomolecules
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Biomolecules | Chemicals made by an organism |
| Components of all living things | - Carbon - Hydrogen - Oxygen - Nitrogen - Sulphur - Phosphorus |
| 4 Major components of biomolecules | - Carbohydrates - Lipids - Proteins - Vitamins |
| Carbohydrates | These are composed of C, H and O in the ratio of Cx(H20)y |
| 3 Types of Carbohydrates | - Monosaccharides - Disaccharides - Polysaccharides |
| Monosaccharides | One sugar unit. e.g. Glucose, Fructose |
| Disaccharides | Two sugar units. e.g. Sucrose, Maltose |
| Polysaccharides | Many sugar units. e.g. Starch, Glycogen |
| Lipids | Compounds which contain C, H and O but not in a simple ratio as found in Carbohydrates. Composed of two types of molecules: 3 fatty acids and 1 Glycerol |
| Fats and Oils | Fats are lipids that are solid at room temperature. Oils are lipids that are liquid at room temperature. |
| Structural role of Lipids | Insulation - under the skin Protection - Myelin around nerves Waterproofing - Oils secreted |
| Metabolic Role of Lipids | Long-term storage of energy Deposited under the skin as fatty adipose tissue |
| Proteins | Contain C, H, O and N May also contain S or P |
| Metabolic Role of Proteins | Enzymes - control the chemical reaction in cells Hormones - regulate body function Pigments - Chlorophyll traps energy from sunlight |
| Structural Role of Proteins | Collagen in bone Keratin in hair Muscle fibres |
| Protein Structure | Made of chains of amino acids Can link up in any sequence to form long chains called polypeptides. Each A.A is bonded by a peptide bond. |
| Polypeptides can be: | - Fibrous proteins - Globular proteins - Folded and combined with other molecules. e.g. Haemoglobin in blood, and Glycoproteins |
| Vitamins | This is a group made up of a variety of different types of organic molecules. |
| Vitamin C - Ascorbic Acid | - Water-soluble - Lost during cooking - Necessary for formation of connective tissue |
| Vitamin D - Calciferol | - Fat-soluble - Produced by skin exposed to sunlight - Necessary for calcium absorption in the gut and bone formation and maintenance. |
| Minerals | - Substances that are generally needed in small amounts by organisms. - Found as dissolved salts - Used to form parts of rigid body structure e.g. Calcium for bones and teeth. |
| Water | - Cytoplasm is 90% water, blood 92% water - Excellent solvent - Necessary for cells metabolic activities - Diffusion of dissolved substances. - Absorbs heat well without large increase in temp - Gives shape to cells |
Created by:
Muireann Creswell
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