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Allergy & Immunology

Key concepts

QuestionAnswer
In which organelle are extracellular antigens processed? Lysosomes
Does a lysosome environment need to be acidic or alkalotic to properly process antigens presented by APCs? Acidic
What type of special immunity is found in the eye? Immune privilege
What is the mechanism of action of immune privilege? Release of previously sequestered antigens that T cells recognize as foreign
Which condition is known to have a Th2-skewed immune response? Atopic dermatitis
What are the most relevant Th2 cytokines of anaphylaxis? IL-4 and IL-13
What immunoglobulin is stimulated by IL-4 and IL-13? IgE
What is the earliest change seen in a thermal burn? Erythema
What causes the erythema in thermal burns? Release of preformed mediators (histamine) from mast cells
Which cells secrete histamine in response to burns? Mast cells
What are TAP proteins necessary for? Loading of cytoplasmic (viral) proteins onto MHC-1 molecules.
Common receptor found in the surface of Mast cells and Basophils? FcεRI receptor
To what does FcεRI receptor bind? Fc portion of circulating IgE antibody
What is a common form of peripheral immune tolerance? Anergy
What is the result of CTLA4 binding to CD80/86 on APCs? Prevent CD82/86 from binding to CD28 on T cells --> decreased co-stimulation --> anergy
What is the first step in pathogenesis of Contact dermatitis? Langerhans cells present haptens to naive T cells --> clonal expansion.
What happens upon reexposure to previous antigen causative of contact dermatitis? Sensitized CD8+ T cells are recruited to destroy tissue. Release of INF-gamma by T cells to amplify immune response
Which INF is released in contact dermatitis re-exposure? INF-gamma
What are some features of Polysaccharide-protein conjugated vaccines? 1. B & T cell response 2. Memory and long-acting duration 3. Immunity for infants
Which vaccine type only accounts for B cell response, Polysaccharide or Protein conjugated? Polysaccharide
Which vaccine would present a stronger mucosal secretory IgA immune response, killed or live vaccine? Live attenuated vaccine
What does the increased mucosal IgA response by live vaccines entitled? Provides immune protection at site of viral entry by inhibiting attachment to the intestinal epithelial cells.
Which interferon is produced by most human cells in response to a viral infection? INF-alpha
What is the late phase of skin type I hypersensitivity reaction? Local tissue damage caused by MBP released from eosinophils.
What is the MCC of death in type I hypersensitivity reactions? Anaphylaxis
What causes angioedema caused by ACE-inhibitors? Increased levels of bradykinin --> increased vascular permeability
What are the actions of corticosteroids? 1. Decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, TNF-a) synthesis 2. Increase anti-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-10) 3. Impaired migration of leukocytes (neutrophils) to sites of inflammation, by reducing L-selectin and low production of endothelial cell IL-8. 4. Inhibition of Phospholipase A2 5. Reduced macrophage activation --> decreased 1, 25 -(OH) vit D synthesis 6. Promote apoptosis of eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes 7. Decrease apoptosis of neutrophils, reinforcing neutrophilia.
Which inflammatory step involves proteins "L-selectin/ P-selectin" on endothelial cell? Rolling
Which step in the inflammation process uses ICAM-1? Tight adhesion and crawling.
Which step in the inflammatory process involves protein PECAM-1? Transmigration
What are the clinical findings of Serum Sickness? Fever, pruritic rash, arthralgias, and LOW C3/C4 complement levels
Which effects (categorical) are blocked by 1st generation antihistamines? Cholinergic, alpha-adrenergic, and serotonergic
What are common examples of 1st generation antihistamines? Hydroxyzine, Promethazine, Chlorphenamine, and diphenhydramine
What are the two main 2nd generation antihistamines? Loratadine and Cetirizine
Which are more sedative, 1st or 2nd generation antihistamines? 1st generation
What causes Hyper IgE syndrome? Impaired neutrophil activation and migration due to defect in T-helper cell type 17 cells.
What are some common clinical features of Hyper IgE syndrome? Non-inflammatory abscesses, recurrent sinopulmonary infection, and chronic atopic dermatitis.
Created by: rakomi
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