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8th Grade Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Genotype | The genetic make up of an organism. (HH, Hh, hh) |
| Phenotype | An organism's physical appearance. |
| Gregor Mendel | Known as the father of genetics. |
| Allele | A gene that has two forms. |
| Recessive trait | A trait that appears only when a copy of the recessive gene form is inherited from each parent. |
| Dominant trait | A trait that appears when a single copy of its gene is inherited. |
| DNA | Molecules that instruct the building of cells. |
| Heredity | The passing of traits from parents to offspring. |
| How are sex chromosomes labeled? | Female: XX Male: XY |
| Heterozygous | Having two different alleles, such as Hh. |
| Homozygous | Having two of the same alleles, such as HH or hh. |
| Mutation | A permanent change in DNA. |
| Nucleotide | The basic structure unit of DNA. |
| What are the effects of mutations? | Beneficial, harmful, or neutral. |
| Deletion | When a nucleotide is missing from a sequence. |
| Insertion | When a nucleotide is inserted into the sequence. |
| Asexual reproduction | When the genes of an offspring come from a single parent. Identical to parent. |
| Sexual reproduction | When a male and female sex cell form a unique organism. |
| Fertilization | When reproductive cells, the egg and sperm, join to form a zygote. |
| Charles Darwin | Came up with the Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection. |
| Natural selection | A process that occurs when a population changes in response to their environment, such as the peppered moths. |
| Adaptation | A change that allows a species to be better suited to its environment, such as beak size. |
| Evolution | A change in heritable traits over successive generations. |
| Survival of the Fittest | The ability for a species to survive and produce offspring. |
| Law of Superposition | The principle that a sedimentary rock layer is older than the rock layers above it and younger than the rock layers below it. |
| Fossils | Any preserved evidence of past geologic age. |
| Extinction | When a species dies off from the earth. |
| Which type of rock are fossils normally found? | Sedimentary rocks. |
| Index Fossil | A fossil used to determine the age of a rock layer. |
| Cladogram | A diagram that shows relationships between species. |
| Engineering design process | The application of math, science, and technical principles in order to solve problems. |
| Describe the Ask step | You define the problem, the criteria, and the constraints. |
| Describe the Imagine step | You brainstorm ideas, are creative, and open-minded. |
| Describe the Plan step | You choose a solution and draw a diagram. |
| Describe the Create/Test step | You build a prototype of your solution and test it out. |
| Describe the Improve step | You share results and discuss how to make the prototype better. |
| Criteria | The standards that make the solution successful. |
| Constraint | The limitations in the engineering design process. |
| Prototype | An operating version of a solution. Often made with cheaper materials than the final version. |
| Genes | Chunks of DNA that determine individual traits in individuals. |
| Chromosome | A compact unit of DNA |
| Trait | A notable feature or quality of an organism. |
| Point mutation | Small changes in the DNA sequence (nucleotide) |
| Frameshift Mutation | A change in the sequence of codons in the DNA. Ex: "The big dog" = "Teb igd og" if the h is missing |
| Translocation | When two segments from different chromosomes change positions. |
| Mutagens | Chemicals that cause mutations. |
| When do mutations occur? | During the duplication process or from mutagens. |
| How are sex chromosomes labeled? | XY = Male; XX = Female |
| Binary fission | Asexual reproduction where an organism splits in half. (Bacteria) |
| Budding | Asexual reproduction where a new cell grows off the side of an existing cell. |
| Parthenogenesis: | Asexual reproduction where an organism reproduces by "virgin birth." (Whiptail lizard, Copperhead Snake) |
| Asexual reproduction advantages | Quick and doesn't require a mate. |
| Asexual reproduction disadvantages | No mixed traits and is identical to the parent, so carries whatever disease the parent might get. |
| Sexual reproduction advantages | More genetic variety and unique organisms. |
| Sexual reproduction disadvantages | Longer time to develop and requires 2 parents. |
| Gametes | The sex cells in sexual reproduction. (sperm and egg) |
| Mitosis | Cell division that occurs in soma (body) cells. |
| Meiosis | Cell division of gametes (sex cells). |
| How is color of an organism important for its survival? | It helps an organism camouflage. |
| What adaptations did Darwin study in finches? | The size and shape of beaks. |
| Common ancestor | An ancestor that is shared by two or more organisms. |
| Relative age | The age of an object in relation to the ages of other objects. |
| Absolute age | The numeric age of an object or event, often found by using radiometric dating. |
| Ernst Haeckel | Biologist and artist whose drawings show a commonality in embryology. |
| Embryology | The study of embryos and their development. |
| Ontogeny | The development of a species through its life cycle |
| Phylogeny | The relationship of a species through a common ancestor. |
| Fossils provide evidence of | Past climates, past ecosystems, past behaviors, mountain building, and past biodiversity. |
Created by:
cook2sm
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