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Fungi (Book)
BIO Lab Exam #3 (Pgs 328-332)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fungi | Eukaryotes and most are multicellular |
| What role does fungi play in the environment? | Recycle vital chemical elements back to the environment in forms that other organisms can assimilate |
| What do all plants have? | Mycorrhizae |
| Mycorrhizae | Fungus-root associations that help plants absorb mineral and water from the soil |
| Name three ways that humans benefit from fungi in the environment | Fungi help recycle nutrients by decomposing dead organisms; mycorrhizae help plants absorb water and nutrients; some fungi serve us as food |
| Describe how the structure of a fungal mycelium reflects its function. | The extensive network of hyphae puts a large surface area in contact with the food source |
| What is athlete's foot? | Infection of the foot's skin with ringworm fungus |
| What do you think the natural function of the antibiotics that fungi produce in their native environments? | The antibiotics block the growth of microorganisms, especially bacteria, that compete with the fungi for nutrients and other resources. |
| Bryophytes Appearance | The most familiar bryophytes are mosses. Mosses display two key terrestrial adaptations: a waxy cuticle that prevents dehydration and the retention of developing embryos within the female plant’s body. |
| Why are mosses common in moist environments? | Their sperm must swim to the eggs and because they lack lignin in their cell walls and thus cannot stand tall. |
| How are bryophytes unique? | They have gametophyte as the dominant generation in the life cycle |
| Ferns Reproduction | Are seedless plants that have vascular tissues but still use flagellated sperm to fertilize eggs. |
| What plant from the Carboniferous period do we use today for coal? | Ferns because the plant decayed into thick deposits of organic matter |
| Bryophytes | Have the structures that protect gametes and embryos |
| Ferns | Have vascular tissue that conducts water and nutrients |
| Gymnosperms | have seeds that protect embryos from drying out |
| Angiosperms | Have ovaries that protect ovules and disperse seeds |
| Gymnosperms environment | A drier and colder global climate near the end of the Carboniferous period favored the evolution of the first seed plants. The most successful were the gymnosperms, represented by conifers. |
| Gymnosperm appearance | Needle-shaped leaves with thick cuticles and sunken stomata are adaptations to dry conditions. |
| What are the three terrestrial adaptions for gymnosperms? | Further reduction of the haploid gametophyte and greater development of the diploid sporophyte, sperm bearing pollen that does not require water for transport, and seeds that consist the embryo with food supply inside a protective coat |
| How do heterotrophic fungi acquire nutrients? | Absorption |
| Absorption | a fungus digests food outside the body by secreting powerful digestive enzymes into the food |
| Hyphae | Bodies of most fungi are constructed of thread-like filaments |
| What are fungal hyphae? | Minute threads of cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane and cell wall |
| What are fungal cell walls made of? | Chitin |
| Chitin | a strong and flexible polysaccharide that is also found in external skeletons of insects |
| What does the fungal hyphae form? | the mycelium |
| Mycelium | the feeding structure of the fungus |
| How does mycelium maximize its contact with food? | by mingling with the organic matter it is decomposing and absorbing |
| How does a fungi reproduce? | a mushroom pops up above ground to disperse its haploid spores on air currents the reproduces sexually or asexually |
| What is an example of fungi reproductive structures? | Puffballs can spew clouds containing trillions of spores |
| How does the structure of a fungal mycelium reflects its function? | The extensive network of hyphae puts a large surface area in contact with the food source. |
| What is an example of fungal and bacterial interactions with biological systems? | Principle decomposers that keep ecosystems stocked with inorganic nutrients essential for plant growth |
| Leaves | are the main photosynthetic organs |
| Stomata | Regulate gas exchange between plant and atmosphere |
| Cuticle | reduces water loss |
| Lignin | hardens cell wallks |
| Stem | supports plant; may perform photosynthesis |
| Vascular tissues | Transport water, minerals, and sugars; provide support |
| Roots | anchor plant; mycorrhizae (foot-fungus associations) help absorb water and minerals from the soil |
| What is the dominant stage of an angiosperm? | A sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers |
| Where is the female gametophyte located> | Within an ovule, which reside within a chamber of the ovary |
| What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms? | Angiosperms seed enclosure within an ovary, while gymnosperms have naked seeds |
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sillylilly
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